Figure 1.
An as-cast conical sample for determining the critical diameter of different alloy compositions.
Figure 1.
An as-cast conical sample for determining the critical diameter of different alloy compositions.
Figure 2.
XRD patterns of as-cast. (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) sections with their critical diameters.
Figure 2.
XRD patterns of as-cast. (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) sections with their critical diameters.
Figure 3.
TEM bright field image with an SAED pattern for the 15 mm diameter Ti45Zr20Be23Co12 rod.
Figure 3.
TEM bright field image with an SAED pattern for the 15 mm diameter Ti45Zr20Be23Co12 rod.
Figure 4.
DSC curves of (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) samples with different heating rates.
Figure 4.
DSC curves of (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) samples with different heating rates.
Figure 5.
TMA results of (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) samples.
Figure 5.
TMA results of (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) samples.
Figure 6.
Compressive stress-strain curves of (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) samples.
Figure 6.
Compressive stress-strain curves of (a) Ti45Zr20Be35−xCox (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), (b) Ti45Zr20−xBe35Cox (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6), and (c) (Ti45Zr20Be35)100−xCox (x = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6) samples.
Figure 7.
SEM images of fractured samples: (a) The lateral surface for the Ti45Zr20Be35 alloy; (b) the fractured surface for the Ti45Zr20Be35 alloy; (c) the lateral surface for the Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 alloy; (d) the fractured surface for the Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 alloy.
Figure 7.
SEM images of fractured samples: (a) The lateral surface for the Ti45Zr20Be35 alloy; (b) the fractured surface for the Ti45Zr20Be35 alloy; (c) the lateral surface for the Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 alloy; (d) the fractured surface for the Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 alloy.
Figure 8.
Continuous DSC curves for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 8.
Continuous DSC curves for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 9.
Kissinger plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 9.
Kissinger plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 10.
Moynihan (Ozawa) plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 10.
Moynihan (Ozawa) plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 11.
Boswell plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 11.
Boswell plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 12.
The crystallization volume fraction x as a function of temperature for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 12.
The crystallization volume fraction x as a function of temperature for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 13.
JMA plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.9).
Figure 13.
JMA plots for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.9).
Figure 14.
n(x) as a function of x for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.9).
Figure 14.
n(x) as a function of x for (a) Ti45Zr20Be35, (b) Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, (c) Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (d) (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.9).
Figure 15.
Potentiodynamic polarization curves of the Ti45Zr20Be35, Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Figure 15.
Potentiodynamic polarization curves of the Ti45Zr20Be35, Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Table 1.
Thermal parameters of Ti-Zr-Be-Co alloys (heating rate: 20 K/min, accuracy: ± 1 K).
Table 1.
Thermal parameters of Ti-Zr-Be-Co alloys (heating rate: 20 K/min, accuracy: ± 1 K).
Composition | Dc (mm) | Tg (K) | Tx (K) | Tl (K) | ΔTx (K) | Trg | γ |
---|
Ti45Zr20Be35 | 5 | 589 | 671 | 1230 | 82 | 0.479 | 0.369 |
Ti45Zr20Be33Co2 | 6 | 599 | 684 | 1214 | 85 | 0.493 | 0.377 |
Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | 9 | 603 | 709 | 1200 | 106 | 0.503 | 0.393 |
Ti45Zr20Be29Co6 | 10 | 598 | 698 | 1180 | 100 | 0.507 | 0.393 |
Ti45Zr20Be27Co8 | 11 | 596 | 706 | 1164 | 110 | 0.512 | 0.401 |
Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 | 12 | 611 | 718 | 1221 | 107 | 0.500 | 0.392 |
Ti45Zr20Be23Co12 | 15 | 642 | 709 | 1158 | 67 | 0.554 | 0.394 |
Ti45Zr20Be21Co14 | 13 | 634 | 701 | 1244 | 67 | 0.510 | 0.373 |
Ti45Zr20Be19Co16 | 12 | 640 | 698 | 1240 | 58 | 0.516 | 0.371 |
Ti45Zr18Be35Co2 | 7 | 592 | 701 | 1244 | 109 | 0.476 | 0.382 |
Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | 4 | 589 | 705 | 1256 | 116 | 0.469 | 0.382 |
Ti45Zr14Be35Co6 | 2 | 601 | 717 | 1224 | 116 | 0.491 | 0.393 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)98Co2 | 7 | 604 | 705 | 1246 | 101 | 0.485 | 0.381 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)97Co3 | 8 | 602 | 699 | 1221 | 97 | 0.493 | 0.383 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 | 7 | 599 | 708 | 1188 | 109 | 0.504 | 0.396 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)94Co6 | 6 | 605 | 719 | 1166 | 114 | 0.519 | 0.406 |
Table 2.
The variation of parameters including ΔHmix, δ, and Δx induced by Co alloying together with Dc.
Table 2.
The variation of parameters including ΔHmix, δ, and Δx induced by Co alloying together with Dc.
Composition | Dc (mm) | δ | ΔHmix (kJ/mol) | Δx |
---|
Ti45Zr20Be35 | 5 | 13.65 | −30.94 | 0.0902 |
Ti45Zr20Be33Co2 | 6 | 13.45 | −30.94 | 0.1039 |
Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | 9 | 13.24 | −30.93 | 0.1156 |
Ti45Zr20Be29Co6 | 10 | 13.03 | −30.91 | 0.1259 |
Ti45Zr20Be27Co8 | 11 | 12.82 | −30.87 | 0.1352 |
Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 | 12 | 12.60 | −30.82 | 0.1435 |
Ti45Zr20Be23Co12 | 15 | 12.38 | −30.76 | 0.1512 |
Ti45Zr20Be21Co14 | 13 | 12.15 | −30.68 | 0.1583 |
Ti45Zr20Be19Co16 | 12 | 11.91 | −30.59 | 0.1648 |
Ti45Zr18Be35Co2 | 7 | 13.56 | −31.45 | 0.1007 |
Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | 4 | 13.45 | −31.82 | 0.1091 |
Ti45Zr14Be35Co6 | 2 | 13.32 | −32.07 | 0.1159 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)98Co2 | 7 | 13.60 | −31.46 | 0.1034 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)97Co3 | 8 | 13.57 | −31.70 | 0.1092 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 | 7 | 13.54 | −31.92 | 0.1145 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)94Co6 | 6 | 13.48 | −32.35 | 0.1243 |
Table 3.
Experimental determined values of Δh and S parameter of developed Ti-Zr-Be-Co BMGs.
Table 3.
Experimental determined values of Δh and S parameter of developed Ti-Zr-Be-Co BMGs.
Composition | Δh (μm) | S |
---|
Ti45Zr20Be35 | 35.04 | 0.128 |
Ti45Zr20Be33Co2 | 58.09 | 0.138 |
Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | 86.48 | 0.176 |
Ti45Zr20Be29Co6 | 185.72 | 0.172 |
Ti45Zr20Be27Co8 | 210.74 | 0.194 |
Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 | 146.55 | 0.175 |
Ti45Zr20Be23Co12 | 47.31 | 0.130 |
Ti45Zr20Be21Co14 | 29.78 | 0.110 |
Ti45Zr20Be19Co16 | 16.22 | 0.097 |
Ti45Zr18Be35Co2 | 44.46 | 0.167 |
Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | 13.08 | 0.174 |
Ti45Zr14Be35Co6 | 8.76 | 0.186 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)98Co2 | 69.26 | 0.157 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)97Co3 | 83.61 | 0.157 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 | 104.09 | 0.185 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)94Co6 | 89.74 | 0.203 |
Table 4.
Measured densities and room temperature mechanical properties of developed Ti-Zr-Be-Co BMGs.
Table 4.
Measured densities and room temperature mechanical properties of developed Ti-Zr-Be-Co BMGs.
Composition | σy (MPa) | σmax (MPa) | εp (%) | ρ (g/cm3) | σsp (N·m/kg) |
---|
Ti45Zr20Be35 | 1835 ± 44 | 1835 | 0 | 4.74 ± 0.01 | 3.87×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be33Co2 | 1982 ± 35 | 1982 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 4.96 ± 0.01 | 4.00×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | 1882 ± 68 | 2021 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 5.15 ± 0.01 | 3.65×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be29Co6 | 1868 ± 57 | 2007 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 5.17 ± 0.01 | 3.61×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be27Co8 | 2074 ± 82 | 2201 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 5.21 ± 0.01 | 3.98×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be25Co10 | 2054 ± 45 | 2465 | 15.7 ± 0.1 | 5.26 ± 0.01 | 3.90×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be23Co12 | 2056 ± 77 | 2136 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 5.35 ± 0.01 | 3.84×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be21Co14 | 1875 ± 62 | 2101 | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 5.55 ± 0.01 | 3.38×105 |
Ti45Zr20Be19Co16 | 1915 ± 45 | 1995 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 5.62 ± 0.01 | 3.41×105 |
Ti45Zr18Be35Co2 | 1885 ± 89 | 1855 | 0 | 4.78 ± 0.01 | 3.94×105 |
Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | 1952 ± 74 | 1952 | 0 | 4.83 ± 0.01 | 4.04×105 |
Ti45Zr14Be35Co6 | 1988 ± 43 | 1988 | 0 | 4.99 ± 0.01 | 3.98×105 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)98Co2 | 1685 ± 94 | 1880 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 4.77 ± 0.01 | 3.53×105 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)97Co3 | 1774 ± 32 | 1846 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 4.96 ± 0.01 | 3.58×105 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 | 1734 ± 49 | 1801 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 5.00 ± 0.01 | 3.47×105 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)94Co6 | 1668 ± 68 | 1746 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 5.01 ± 0.01 | 3.33×105 |
Table 5.
The values of Eg and Ex calculated by Kissinger and Moynihan equations.
Table 5.
The values of Eg and Ex calculated by Kissinger and Moynihan equations.
Method | Ti45Zr20Be35 | Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 |
---|
Eg (kJ/mol) | Ex (kJ/mol) | Eg (kJ/mol) | Ex (kJ/mol) | Eg (kJ/mol) | Ex (kJ/mol) | Eg (kJ/mol) | Ex (kJ/mol) |
---|
Kissinger | 164 | 159 | 156 | 234 | 153 | 257 | 149 | 233 |
Moynihan | 174 | 170 | 166 | 246 | 163 | 268 | 159 | 245 |
Table 6.
The values of Ep1 obtained using Kissinger, Moynihan, Ozawa, and Boswell methods.
Table 6.
The values of Ep1 obtained using Kissinger, Moynihan, Ozawa, and Boswell methods.
Method | Ti45Zr20Be35 | Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 |
---|
Ep1 (kJ/mol) | Ep1 (kJ/mol) | Ep1 (kJ/mol) | Ep1 (kJ/mol) |
---|
Kissinger | 169 | 201 | 191 | 193 |
Moynihan | 180 | 213 | 202 | 204 |
Ozawa | 172 | 203 | 193 | 194 |
Boswell | 175 | 207 | 197 | 199 |
Table 7.
The values of
n derived from
Figure 13.
Table 7.
The values of
n derived from
Figure 13.
β (K/min) | Ti45Zr20Be35 | Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 |
---|
5 | 2.45 | 3.00 | 3.02 | 3.09 |
10 | 2.60 | 3.67 | 3.13 | 3.55 |
20 | 2.61 | 3.48 | 3.30 | 2.89 |
40 | 2.01 | 2.73 | 2.53 | 2.48 |
Table 8.
The variation of corrosion potentials, pitting potentials, passive region widths, corrosion current densities, and polarization resistances of Ti45Zr20Be35, Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Table 8.
The variation of corrosion potentials, pitting potentials, passive region widths, corrosion current densities, and polarization resistances of Ti45Zr20Be35, Ti45Zr20Be31Co4, Ti45Zr16Be35Co4, and (Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 BMGs.
Composition | Ecorr (mV) | Epit (mV) | icorr (A/cm2) | Εpit-Εcorr (mV) | Rp (Ω) |
---|
Ti45Zr20Be35 | −652 | −122 | 8.5 × 10−7 | 530 | 4299 |
Ti45Zr20Be31Co4 | −535 | 145 | 4.9 × 10−7 | 680 | 6556 |
Ti45Zr16Be35Co4 | −551 | 103 | 5.9 × 10−7 | 654 | 5781 |
(Ti45Zr20Be35)96Co4 | −501 | 74 | 8.5 × 10−7 | 575 | 3964 |