Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Investigation
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Proportioning and Mixing
2.1.3. Flow Spread Test
2.1.4. Viscosity Measurement
2.2. Modelling of Water Viscosity
2.3. Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress
2.3.1. Estimation of Viscosity
2.3.2. Prediction of Yield Stress
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evolution of Packing Density
3.2. Measured Viscosity and Yield Stress
3.3. Temperature Dependence of Water Viscosity
3.4. Prediction of Viscosity at True Ground Temperature
3.5. Estimation of Yield Stress
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The packing density of cement, determined by flow spread test, was temperature dependent. It generally decreases with increasing temperature. Hence, the effect of temperature on packing density should be taken into account in related issues. The temperature dependence of packing density was found to be linear in this work.
- (2)
- The initial viscosity and yield stress of thick grouts (w/c ≤ 0.8) were prone to be improved by elevated temperature. The rheology of thick cement grouts should be focused on more in deep rock grouting.
- (3)
- If the fluctuation of water viscosity at different temperatures was not taken into account, the relative viscosity of cement grout mixtures was considerably underestimated at higher temperatures, resulting in unreasonable understanding of the viscosity of cement grouts at true ground temperatures.
- (4)
- Based on Liu’s model and the flow spread test, a temperature-based model for estimating the initial viscosity of cement grout was successfully developed. In the proposed prediction model, the effects of elevated temperature on both water viscosity and the packing density of cement were properly taken into account. The developed method for predicting the viscosity of cement grouts produced sufficient accuracy at the engineering level, which will facilitate field technicians to readily control the viscosity of cement grouts at true ground temperatures in deep rock grouting.
- (5)
- The yield stress of cement grouts cannot be predicted using the Lapasin model due to the absence of plastic behavior of cement grouts. In contrast, it was linearly correlated to the results of the flow spread test, i.e., the relative flow area. In addition, it was also found that the dependence of the yield stress of cement grouts on the relative spread area is in the strongly exponential law in form of with the highest reliability for the estimation of yield stress of the investigated cement grouts.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Properties | Physical Properties | ||
---|---|---|---|
Chemical Composition | Amount (wt.%) | Item | Value |
CaO | 62.47 | Specific gravity (g/cm3) | 3.11 |
SiO2 | 20.39 | Blaine fineness (m2/kg) | 387 |
Al2O3 | 6.23 | Mean grain size D50 (µm) | 19.908 |
Fe2O3 | 2.87 | Maximum grain size D100 (µm) | 81 |
MgO | 1.86 | Compressive strength at 3 days (MPa) | 25.8 |
SO3 | 2.95 | Compressive strength at 28 days (MPa) | 49.5 |
K2O | 0.64 | ||
Na2O | 0.25 | ||
TiO2 | 0.39 | ||
L.O.I. | 1.95 |
No. | Ratio of Water to Cement (w/c) | Dosage of NaCl (wt.% of Cement) | Dosage of TEA (wt.% of Cement) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.50 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
2 | 0.60 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
3 | 0.75 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
4 | 0.80 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
5 | 1.00 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
6 | 1.20 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
7 | 1.50 | 0.5% | 0.05% |
Models | Year | Equation |
---|---|---|
Mooney’s equation | 1951 | |
K–D equation | 1959 | |
Chong et al.’s model | 1971 | |
Dabak and Yucel’s model | 1986 | |
Liu’s model | 2000 |
Temperature | R2 | |
---|---|---|
12 °C | 0.56 | 0.917 |
25 °C | 0.54 | 0.916 |
35 °C | 0.82 | 0.953 |
45 °C | 0.98 | 0.969 |
Temperature | |
---|---|
12 °C | 0.641 |
25 °C | 0.649 |
35 °C | 0.549 |
45 °C | 0.505 |
Ratio (w/c) | Ratio of Water to Solid (Vwater/Vpowder) | Volume Fraction of Solid | Temperature (°C) | Measured Viscosity (mPa·s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1.52 | 0.396 | 12 | 144.44 |
25 | 157.22 | |||
35 | 187.78 | |||
45 | 200.56 | |||
0.6 | 1.83 | 0.3534 | 12 | 66.39 |
25 | 55.00 | |||
35 | 86.11 | |||
45 | 96.11 | |||
0.75 | 2.29 | 0.3042 | 12 | 19.3 |
25 | 15.3 | |||
35 | 22.6 | |||
45 | 24.7 | |||
0.8 | 2.44 | 0.2907 | 12 | 12.0 |
25 | 11.8 | |||
35 | 11.4 | |||
45 | 14.7 | |||
1.0 | 3.05 | 0.247 | 12 | 4.2 |
25 | 4.65 | |||
35 | 6.9 | |||
45 | 9.1 | |||
1.2 | 3.66 | 0.215 | 12 | 4.75 |
25 | 3.5 | |||
35 | 3.6 | |||
45 | 2.4 | |||
1.5 | 4.58 | 0.179 | 12 | 3.15 |
25 | 2.4 | |||
35 | 2.6 | |||
45 | 1.5 |
Ratio (w/c) | Ratio of Water to Solid (Vwater/Vpowder) | Volume Fraction of Solid | Temperature (°C) | Measured Yield Stress (Pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1.52 | 0.396 | 12 | 7.39 |
25 | 8.93 | |||
35 | 11.9 | |||
45 | 12.09 | |||
0.6 | 1.83 | 0.3534 | 12 | 3.98 |
25 | 3.72 | |||
35 | 5.57 | |||
45 | 8.29 | |||
0.75 | 2.2875 | 0.3042 | 12 | 1.31 |
25 | 1.73 | |||
35 | 1.75 | |||
45 | 3.08 | |||
0.8 | 2.44 | 0.2907 | 12 | 1.02 |
25 | 1.35 | |||
35 | 1.14 | |||
45 | 2.01 |
Temperature (°C/K) | Experiment Value (mPa·s) | Temperature (°C/K) | Experiment Value (mPa·s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 273 | 1.794 | 60 | 333 | 0.47 |
10 | 283 | 1.31 | 70 | 343 | 0.407 |
20 | 293 | 1.009 | 80 | 353 | 0.357 |
30 | 303 | 0.8 | 90 | 363 | 0.317 |
40 | 313 | 0.654 | 100 | 373 | 0.284 |
50 | 323 | 0.549 |
Temperature (°C) | a | n |
---|---|---|
12 | 1.791 | 5.761 |
25 | 1.913 | 7.056 |
35 | 1.718 | 4.146 |
45 | 1.342 | 3.025 |
Temperature (°C) | Experimental (mPa·s) | Calculated (mPa·s) | Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
12 | 19.3 | 23.4 | +21.5% |
25 | 15.3 | 17.6 | +15.3% |
35 | 22.6 | 27.1 | +20.6% |
45 | 24.7 | 32.1 | +30.8% |
Temperature (°C) | Equations | Correlation Coefficient |
---|---|---|
12 | 0.854 | |
25 | 0.713 | |
35 | 0.957 | |
45 | 0.941 |
Temperature (°C) | Equations | Correlation Coefficient |
---|---|---|
12 | 0.946 | |
25 | 0.953 | |
35 | 0.991 | |
45 | 0.997 |
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Xu, Z.; Miao, Y.; Wu, H.; Yuan, X.; Liu, C. Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test. Materials 2020, 13, 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132939
Xu Z, Miao Y, Wu H, Yuan X, Liu C. Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test. Materials. 2020; 13(13):2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132939
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Zhipeng, Yichen Miao, Haikuan Wu, Xun Yuan, and Changwu Liu. 2020. "Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test" Materials 13, no. 13: 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13132939