Cross-Linked Polythiomethacrylate Esters Based on Naphthalene—Synthesis, Properties and Reprocessing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials in Experiments
2.2. Analytical Methods
3. Synthesis of Thiols
3.1. Synthesis of Naphthalene-1,5-Dithiol (1,5-NAF-SH)
3.1.1. Chlorosulfonation of Naphthalene [41]
3.1.2. Reduction of Naphthalene-1,5-Disulfonyl Dichloride
3.2. Synthesis of Naphthalene-1,4(1,5)-Di(Ylmethanethiol) (1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2SH)
3.2.1. Reaction of Naphthalene with Paraformaldehyde
3.2.2. Reaction of 1,4(1,5)-Bis(Chloromethyl)Naphthalene with Thiourea
4. General Procedure for the Methacrylation of Thiols
5. Polymerization Reactions
6. The Thiol-Thioester Exchange
7. Thiol-ene Reactions with 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate
8. Results and Discussion
8.1. The ATR/FT-IR Spectra of Thiols and Thioesters
8.2. The ATR/FT-IR Spectra of MMA and ST Copolymers
8.3. Conversion of Unsaturated Bonds
8.4. DSC Analysis
8.5. TG/DTG Analysis
8.6. Optical Properties
8.7. Hardness Tests
8.8. The Swelling Studies of Cross-Linked Polymers
8.9. Thiol-Thioester Exchange and Thiol-Methacrylate Modification Reactions
8.9.1. ATR/FT-IR Analysis
8.9.2. Studies of Hardness and Swelling of Materials After Thiol-Ene Reactions
8.9.3. DSC Study
9. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thioester Methacrylate | Comonomer | Thioester Monomer—Comonomer Feed Ratios (w/w) | Amount of Sulfur Monomer /g | Amount of Comonomer/g | Yield of Polymerization /% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMA Polymers | ST Polymers | |||||
1,5-NAF-S-Met | MMA (or ST) | - | - | 2 | 97 | 99 |
1:200 | 0.01 | 2 | 97 | 98 | ||
1:100 | 0.02 | 2 | 96 | 97 | ||
1:50 | 0.04 | 2 | 96 | 96 | ||
1:33 | 0.06 | 2 | 95 | 97 | ||
1:20 | 0.1 | 2 | 97 | 98 | ||
1:5 | 0.4 | 2 | 97 | 98 | ||
1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | MMA (or ST) | - | - | 2 | 97 | 99 |
1:200 | 0.01 | 2 | 97 | 99 | ||
1:100 | 0.02 | 2 | 95 | 97 | ||
1:50 | 0.04 | 2 | 96 | 96 | ||
1:33 | 0.06 | 2 | 97 | 98 | ||
1:20 | 0.1 | 2 | 97 | 99 | ||
1:5 | 0.4 | 2 | 95 | 97 |
Material | Simplified Designation of Sample |
---|---|
ST+1,5-NAF-S-Met | 1a |
ST+1,5-NAF-S-Met+TBT | 1b |
ST+1,5-NAF-S-Met+TBT+HEMA | 1c |
MMA+1,5-NAF-S-Met | 2a |
MMA+1,5-NAF-S-Met+TBT | 2b |
MMA+1,5-NAF-S-Met+TBT+HEMA | 2c |
ST+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | 3a |
ST+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met+TBT | 3b |
ST+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met+TBT+HEMA | 3c |
MMA+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | 4a |
MMA+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met+TBT | 4b |
MMA+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met+TBT+HEMA | 4c |
% w/w 1,5-NAF-S-Met (or 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met) | Degree of Conversion (DC)/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ST+1,5-NAF-S-Met | MMA+1,5-NAF-S-Met | ST+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | MMA+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | |
0 | 100 (-) | 95 (3) | 100 (-) | 95 (3) |
0.5 | 100 (-) | 97 (2) | 100 (-) | 96 (2) |
1 | 100 (2) | 95 (3) | 99 (1) | 95 (2) |
2 | 99 (2) | 96 (2) | 99 (1) | 95 (3) |
3 | 99 (1) | 96 (2) | 99 (2) | 94 (3) |
5 | 99 (2) | 98 (2) | 99 (2) | 93 (2) |
20 | 98 (2) | 97 (3) | 98 (2) | 93 (2) |
Copolymer | Temperature/ °C | R/% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a T2 | b T5 | c T10 | d T50 | e Tf | f Tmax | ||
poly-MMA | 155 | 240 | 272 | 355 | 435 | 180; 250; 367 | 0.40 |
MMA + 5% 1,5-NAF-S-Met | 162 | 270 | 298 | 345 | 436 | 157; 337; 381 | 0.69 |
MMA + 20% 1,5-NAF-S-Met | 161 | 236 | 275 | 335 | 450 | 171; 328; 391 | 1.17 |
MMA + 5% 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | 148 | 228 | 285 | 345 | 445 | 149; 346 | 0.90 |
MMA + 20% 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | 131 | 181 | 290 | 347 | 460 | 142; 337; 367 | 1.52 |
poly-ST | 329 | 368 | 384 | 409 | 460 | 414 | 0.26 |
ST + 5% 1,5-NAF-S-Met | 262 | 341 | 359 | 391 | 440 | 144; 397 | 0.60 |
ST + 20% 1,5-NAF-S-Met | 158 | 314 | 338 | 375 | 434 | 139; 387 | 1.26 |
ST + 5% 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | 253 | 341 | 364 | 402 | 470 | 141; 405 | 0.22 |
ST + 20% 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | 168 | 321 | 345 | 396 | 470 | 139; 402 | 0.36 |
% Thioester | Refractive Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ST+1,5-NAF-S-Met | MMA+1,5-NAF-S-Met | ST+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | MMA+1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | |
0 | 1.5440 | 1.4142 | 1.5440 | 1.4142 |
0.5 | 1.5448 | 1.4143 | 1.5442 | 1.4142 |
1 | 1.5452 | 1.4146 | 1.5445 | 1.4152 |
2 | 1.5460 | 1.4153 | 1.5452 | 1.4166 |
3 | 1.5470 | 1.4190 | 1.5458 | 1.4196 |
5 | 1.5485 | 1.4221 | 1.5470 | 1.4238 |
20 | 1.5580 | 1.4473 | 1.5540 | 1.4402 |
Solvent | Swelling Coefficients, B /% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
After 24 h in Solvent | After 15 Min in Air | After 2 h in Air | After 24 h in Air | |
ST+20% 1,5-NAF-S-Met | ||||
THF | 86.1 | 38.8 | 23.5 | 11.0 |
MeOH | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
ACN | 5.3 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 1.7 |
Acetone | 29.0 | 22.8 | 17.3 | 8.9 |
DCM | 83.0 | 34.1 | 11.0 | 1.2 |
MMA+20% 1,5-NAF-S-Met | ||||
THF | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
MeOH | 3.4 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 0.6 |
ACN | 16.3 | 12.1 | 9.3 | 3.3 |
Acetone | 13.0 | 8.7 | 5.8 | 3.2 |
DCM | 125.6 | 43.8 | 18.3 | 11.1 |
ST+20% 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | ||||
THF | 152.0 | 113.0 | 29.6 | 16.6 |
MeOH | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.03 |
ACN | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 0.9 |
Acetone | 31.8 | 27.0 | 21.2 | 11.7 |
DCM | 171.4 | 33.7 | 1.9 | 0.4 |
MMA+20% 1,4(1,5)-NAF-CH2S-Met | ||||
THF | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
MeOH | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0 |
ACN | 26.5 | 20.9 | 15.6 | 7.1 |
Acetone | 11.6 | 6.8 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
DCM | 149.2 | 30.0 | 7.5 | 1.1 |
Solvent | Sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1c | 2c | 3c | 4c | |
Swellability Coefficient, B/% | ||||
THF | 19 | 43 | 25 | 70 |
MeOH | 205 | 352 | 114 | 179 |
ACN | 14 | 45 | 17 | 19 |
Acetone | 44 | 84 | 41 | 50 |
DCM | 25 | 55 | 16 | 19 |
Distilled Water | 93 | 138 | 72 | 90 |
Sample | DSC Data | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tg/°C | Td/°C | ΔHd/J g−1 | |
1a | 103 | 380 | 515 |
1b | 112 | 354 | 294 |
1c | 83 | 356; 413 | 406 |
2a | 122 | 261; 336; 398 | 823 |
2b | 135 | 302; 338; 353 | 340 |
2c | 84 | 349; 422 | 458 |
3a | 102 | 408 | 741 |
3b | - | 347; 367; 472 | 201 |
3c | 105 | 348; 376; 434 | 703 |
4a | 120 | 337; 358 | 764 |
4b | - | 338; 441 | 253 |
4c | 60 | 384; 433 | 432 |
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Fila, K.; Podkościelna, B.; Podgórski, M. Cross-Linked Polythiomethacrylate Esters Based on Naphthalene—Synthesis, Properties and Reprocessing. Materials 2020, 13, 3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133021
Fila K, Podkościelna B, Podgórski M. Cross-Linked Polythiomethacrylate Esters Based on Naphthalene—Synthesis, Properties and Reprocessing. Materials. 2020; 13(13):3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133021
Chicago/Turabian StyleFila, Karolina, Beata Podkościelna, and Maciej Podgórski. 2020. "Cross-Linked Polythiomethacrylate Esters Based on Naphthalene—Synthesis, Properties and Reprocessing" Materials 13, no. 13: 3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133021