Crack Growth Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Steel—Influence of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Description of the Manufacturing Process
- Laser power: 190 W,
- Exposure velocity: 900 mm/s,
- Hatching distance (distance between exposure lines): 0.12 mm,
- Layer thickness: 0.03 mm
2.3. Description of the Testing Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure Analysis
3.2. Static Tensile Testing Results
3.3. Crack Growth Behavior
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Microstructural investigation enabled us to expose that after removal of a typical, layered structure of the material after heat treatment of additive manufactured parts a different shaped-grains were obtained. This caused a fatigue life increase but also generated a lot of microcracks which caused a rapid cracking phenomenon. A similar phenomenon was noticed after conventionally made material heat treatment, where the shape and size of elongated grains changed after material rolling and this affected the appearance of microcracks in the material volume during fatigue loading.
- (2)
- Proper orientation of parts in additive manufacturing allows one to achieve a fatigue life and cracking growth behavior similar to that of conventionally made material.
- (3)
- Solution heat treatment of additively manufactured 316L steel increases the fatigue life of produced parts, but completely changes the cracking growth behavior. That kind of material has no significantly visible cracking symptoms. In the material volume, many microcracks appear during cyclic loading which can merge, thus changing the cracking character.
- (4)
- The presence of porosity and non-melted grains introduces a structural heterogeneity that causes a negative, local stress concentration. That phenomenon directly influences the change in characteristic cracking from plastic fatigue cracking with visible fatigue striations to dynamic, brittle-like cracking.
- (5)
- Heat treatment of additively manufactured completely changes the fatigue crack behavior and total fatigue life of the processed part. The influence of solution annealing on AM materials is opposite to that of the same heat treatment of the same material, but manufactured conventionally.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | Mn | Si | P | S | N | Cr | Mo | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
max. 0.03 | max. 2.00 | max. 0.75 | max. 0.04 | max. 0.03 | max. 0.10 | 16.00–18.00 | 2.00–3.00 | 10.00–14.00 |
Condition | Microstructure |
---|---|
Selective laser melted (SLM) | |
Selective laser melted and solution annealed (SLM_S) | |
Conventionally manufactured (CM) | |
Conventionally manufactured and solution annealed (CM_S) | |
Condition | 0.2% YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | εf (%) | E (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selective laser melted (SLM) | 554 | 666 | 44.91 | 169.9 |
Selective laser melted and solution annealed (SLM_S) | 371 | 632 | 47.35 | 170.6 |
Conventionally manufactured (CM) | 346 | 564 | 64.11 | 204.5 |
Conventionally manufactured and solution annealed (CM_S) | 215 | 567 | 69.95 | 205.3 |
Crack Growth Curves | Fracture Surfaces | ||
---|---|---|---|
Horizontal direction of layers deposition/sheet rolling | Material type | H_SLM | |
H_SLM_S | | ||
H_CM | | ||
H_CM _S | | ||
Vertical direction of layers deposition/sheet rolling | Material type | V_SLM | |
V_SLM_S | | ||
V_CM | | ||
V_CM _S | | ||
45°-angled direction of layers deposition/sheet rolling | Material type | A_SLM | |
A_SLM_S | | ||
A_CM | | ||
A_CM _S | |
Condition | Coefficient Type | Horizontally Oriented | Vertically Oriented | 45° Angled |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selective laser melted (SLM) | C-coefficient | 7 × 10−15 | 2 × 10−14 | 5 × 10−15 |
m-coefficient | 6.00 | 5.86 | 6.06 | |
Selective laser melted processed and solution annealed (SLM_S) | C-coefficient | 3 × 10−20 | 10−18 | 5 × 10−28 |
m-coefficient | 9.16 | 8.27 | 13.14 | |
Conventionally manufactured (CM) | C-coefficient | 5 × 10−15 | 5 × 10−11 | 6 × 10−12 |
m-coefficient | 6.08 | 3.72 | 4 × 24 | |
Conventionally manufactured and solution annealed (CM_S) | C-coefficient | 8 × 10−11 | 2 × 10−11 | 5 × 10−10 |
m-coefficient | 3.74 | 4.09 | 3.30 |
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Share and Cite
Kluczyński, J.; Śnieżek, L.; Grzelak, K.; Torzewski, J.; Szachogłuchowicz, I.; Wachowski, M.; Łuszczek, J. Crack Growth Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Steel—Influence of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment. Materials 2020, 13, 3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153259
Kluczyński J, Śnieżek L, Grzelak K, Torzewski J, Szachogłuchowicz I, Wachowski M, Łuszczek J. Crack Growth Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Steel—Influence of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment. Materials. 2020; 13(15):3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153259
Chicago/Turabian StyleKluczyński, Janusz, Lucjan Śnieżek, Krzysztof Grzelak, Janusz Torzewski, Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz, Marcin Wachowski, and Jakub Łuszczek. 2020. "Crack Growth Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Steel—Influence of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment" Materials 13, no. 15: 3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153259