Biocomposites from Organic Solid Wastes Derived Biochars: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biochar
2.1. Biochar Properties
2.2. Biochar Applications
3. Biochar Composites
3.1. Interfacial Characteristics
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Thermal Properties
3.4. Electrical Properties
4. Conclusion and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|
Fluidized bed reactor | Simple construction, operation and high efficiency of heat transfer | High operation cost | [34] |
Vacuum moving bed reactor | Short residence time | Lower transfer rate | [35] |
Auger reactor | Less complex and low cost | Lower liquid yield | [36] |
Rotating cone reactor | Using larger particles | Less effective scaling | [37] |
Down-tube reactor | High heat transfer rate and short residence time | Long heat transfer stroke | [38] |
Fixed bed reactor | Simple structure | Poor sealing | [39] |
Microwave reactor | Easy control and energy saving | Lower capacity | [40] |
Muffle furnace | Energy saving and simple construction | Lower capacity | [41] |
Biochars | Temperatures (°C) | Yield (%) | SBET (m2/g) | C | O | H | N | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn straw biochar | 400 | 53.94 | 7.15 | 75.14 | 18.92 | 4.56 | 1.38 | [45] |
Wheat straw biochar | 500 | 28.3 | 7.4 | 76.4 | 19.5 | 3.4 | 0.7 | [46] |
Pine saw dust biochar | 550 | 431.91 | 59.19 | 20.73 | 3.97 | 0.51 | [47] | |
Rice husk biochar | 450 | 18.58 | 46.56 | 18.58 | 3.54 | 0.85 | [47] | |
Swine manure biochar | 500 | 40.9 | 33.8 | 14.1 | 2.39 | 2.23 | [48] | |
Tire biochar | 600 | 37.6 | 66.6 | 21.1 | 0.21 | 0.09 | [48] | |
Bamboo biochar | 600 | 181.05 | 82.92 | 5.03 | 2.19 | 0.49 | [49] | |
Grape marc biochar | 500 | 33.8 | 205 | 72.91 | 12.9 | 3.15 | 2.72 | [50] |
Palm kernel shell biochar | 750 | 31.15 | 394.53 | 78.95 | 18.27 | 1.79 | 1.00 | [51] |
Biochars | Polymers | Biochar Temperature (°C) | Biochar Loading (%) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (GPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Tensile Modulus (GPa) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date palm biochar | PP | 900 | 15 | 34 | 1.36 | [74] | ||
Pine wood biochar | PP | 900 | 36 | 59 | 3.2 | 31 | 3.3 | [68] |
Maple tree biochar | EP | 1000 | 20 | 16 | 0.7 | [66] | ||
Rice husk biochar | HDPE | 600 | 50 | 34.95 | 1.76 | 26.25 | 1.87 | [44] |
Switchgrass biochar | PLA | 500 | 20 | 60 | 3.4 | 54 | 1.9 | [28] |
Switchgrass biochar | HDPE | 500 | 20 | 12 | 0.8 | 23 | 0.6 | [28] |
Nano bamboo biochar | UHMWPE | 1000 | 9 | 24.7 | 0.36 | [72] | ||
Pine wood biochar | PP | 900 | 30 | 59 | 3 | 29 | 3.48 | [31] |
Miscanthus biochar | PC/PFA/EP | 500 | 20 | 113 | 57.9 | 3.2 | [75] | |
Coffee biochar | EP | 1000 | 15 | 25 | 3.26 | [76] | ||
Wasted cotton biochar | EP | 400 | 5 | 23 | 1.6 | [77] | ||
Charcoal | UHMWPE | 500 | 70 | 102 | [78] | |||
Bamboo biochar | UHMWPE/LLDPE | 1100 | 80 | 28.4 | 1.18 | [58] | ||
Miscanthus biochar | Nylon 6 | 500 | 20 | 97 | 3.15 | [79] | ||
Bamboo biochar | PLA | 7.5 | 38.98 | 0.76 | 51 | 3.7 | [69] | |
Olive trunks biochar | EP | 400 | 15 | 17 | 1.4 | [70] | ||
Thuja occidentalis biochar | PP | 700 | 10 | 62 | 2.4 | 32.3 | 2.5 | [62] |
Samples | Biochar Loading (%) | Tm (°C) | Tc (°C) | Xc (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP Date palm biochar added | 0 5 | 166.78 164.4 | 120.97 121.34 | 43.0 33.42 | [74] |
Nylon Miscanthus biochar added | 0 20 | 217.9 217.2 | 196.4 194.9 | 32.67 30.04 | [79] |
PLA Bamboo biochar added | 0 7.5 | 159.84 156.68 | 129.09 135.11 | 49.50 13.90 | [69] |
PLA Ultrafine bamboo-char added | 0 40 | 149.7 142.2 | 126.3 94.4 | 1.09 22.06 | [87] |
PLA Coffee biochar added | 0 2.5 | 169.5 168.3 | 102.5 96.9 | 13.9 23.3 | [88] |
PVA Hard wood biochar | 0 10 | 214.96 192.82 | 290.11 337.10 | 57.70 41.88 | [89] |
PP Tea leaves biochar added | 0 30 | 165 165 | 117 128 | 53 53 | [90] |
UHMWPE Bamboo biochar added | 0 80 | 135.1 132.8 | 119.6 122.8 | [67] | |
HDPE Poplar biochar added | 0 70 | 131 130 | 120 123 | [63] |
Composites Samples | Biochar Temperature (°C) | Biochar Loading (%) | Conductivity (S/cm) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bamboo biochar/UHMWPE | 1000 | 7 | 1.1 × 10−2 | [72] |
Coffee biochar/EP | 600 | 5 | 2 | [76] |
Coffee biochar/EP | 1000 | 20 | 2.02 × 102 | [76] |
Pine biochar/UHMWPE | 1100 | 50 | 2 × 10−1 | [78] |
Plastic waste biochar/EP | 450 | 5 | 6.54 × 10−8 | [97] |
Pine cone biochar/EP | 450 | 25 | 6.07 × 10−3 | [97] |
Maple wood biochar/EP | 950 | 20 | 1.3 × 101 | [27] |
Apple biochar/UHMWPE | 700 | 70 | 1.7 × 10−3 | [29] |
Apple biochar/UHMWPE | 900 | 70 | 8.2 × 10−2 | [29] |
Miscanthus biochar/EP | 650 | 20 | 2 × 101 | [59] |
Miscanthus biochar/EP | 750 | 20 | 2.75 × 102 | [59] |
PET biochar/oligomers | 450 | 50 | 1 × 10−2 | [98] |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhang, Q.; Cai, H.; Yi, W.; Lei, H.; Liu, H.; Wang, W.; Ruan, R. Biocomposites from Organic Solid Wastes Derived Biochars: A Review. Materials 2020, 13, 3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183923
Zhang Q, Cai H, Yi W, Lei H, Liu H, Wang W, Ruan R. Biocomposites from Organic Solid Wastes Derived Biochars: A Review. Materials. 2020; 13(18):3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183923
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qingfa, Hongzhen Cai, Weiming Yi, Hanwu Lei, Haolu Liu, Weihong Wang, and Roger Ruan. 2020. "Biocomposites from Organic Solid Wastes Derived Biochars: A Review" Materials 13, no. 18: 3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183923