Configuration of Novel Experimental Fractographic Reverse Engineering Approach Based on Relationship between Spectroscopy of Ruptured Surface and Fracture Behaviour of Rubber Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- (a)
- At a fixed initial oil concentration, the deformation speed determined the tearing energy. The tearing energy was found to be higher at a slower deformation speed of 10 mm·min−1 compared to that at a faster deformation speed of 100 mm·min−1.
- (b)
- The IR absorbance peak height at 723 cm−1 at a given initial oil concentration was more at slower deformation speed. This was the most important observation pertaining to the title of the present work
- (c)
- With an increase in initial oil concentration at any of the two defined deformation speeds, the absorbance peak height for oil at 723 cm−1 increased. However, as reflected in Table 3, the ratio of this peak height for 5 and 10 phr of oil did not show up as 5/10, simplified to 1/2 (0.5). This was probably due to the presence of a compound in the rubber compounding which had a peak at the same wavenumber of 723 cm−1. In effect, 1/2 (0.5) worked out to (1+p)/(2+p) = 0.7, which is greater than 0.5, where p was the additional peak height from the compound. To prove that another compound was adding to this absorbance peak height, a set of experiments with no oil at three defined deformation speeds of 0, 10 and 100 mm·min−1 were done, the result of which is shown in Table 4. It shows that this additional peak height was almost a constant, in effect proving that even in the presence of another compound having a peak at the same wavenumber as that of the oil, the scientific approach of the work was not affected, meaning that even without the subtraction of this peak height from the peak height of oil, the conclusions of the present work remained unaffected.
- (d)
- At a given deformation speed, the tearing energy was higher for the lower initial concentration of the oil at 5 phr. This was attributed to the elongation at break, which was a little higher and at comparable elastic modulus (comparable slopes of all the force—displacement curves) an important parameter to determine the tearing energy.
- (e)
- The percent changes in tearing energy and IR absorbance peak height between 10 and 100 mm·min−1 deformation speeds as calculated in Equations (5) and (6), respectively, at any defined initial oil concentration after the incidence of rupture revealed an interesting trend. Calculations show that for 5 and 10 phr of oil, the percent changes in tearing energy were 69.21 and 72.66 respectively and the percent changes in IR peak height were 13.37 and 20.54, respectively. The results revealed that the percent changes in all the cases were positive, proving that after redistribution, more of a redistributed concentration of oil was observed at higher tearing energy or at lower deformation speed.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounding Ingredients | phr * |
---|---|
NR (SVR CV-60) | 100.00 |
Zinc oxide (ZnO) | 3.00 |
Stearic acid | 1.00 |
Carbon black, N-330 | 50.00 |
Paraffin Oil, Tudalen 3912B | 5.00 (Batch-1) 10.00 (Batch-2). 0.00 (Batch-3) |
Rubber Accelerator, CBS ** | 2.50 |
Sulphur | 1.70 |
Sample Designation | Initial Oil Concentration, phr | Deformation Speed, mm·min−1 |
---|---|---|
NR_5_ref * | 5.00 | 0 |
NR_10_ref | 10.00 | 0 |
NR_5_10 | 5.00 | 10 |
NR_5_100 | 5.00 | 100 |
NR_10_10 | 10.00 | 10 |
NR_10_100 | 10.00 | 100 |
NR_0_0 | 0.00 | 0 |
NR_0_10 | 0.00 | 10 |
NR_0_100 | 0.00 | 100 |
Sample Designation | Tearing Energy. J·m−2 | IR Absorbance at 1375 cm−1(NR). as Obtained after Baseline Subtraction | IR Absorbance at 723 cm−1 (oil). as Obtained after Baseline Subtraction | IR Absorbance at 723 cm−1 (oil) Calculated against Normalized Peak at 1375 cm−1 ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
NR_5_0 | not applicable | 0.0136 | 0.0074 | 0.5456 |
0.0132 | 0.0068 | 0.5168 | ||
0.0134 | 0.0068 | 0.5109 | ||
0.0134 (±0.0001) * | 0.0070 (±0.0003) | 0.5244 (±0.0151) | ||
NR_10_0 | not applicable | 0.0115 | 0.0084 | 0.7363 |
0.0109 | 0.0086 | 0.7967 | ||
0.0115 | 0.0079 | 0.6902 | ||
0.0113 (±0.0003) | 0.0083 (±0.0003) | 0.7411 (±0.0436) | ||
NR_5_10 | 1322 | 0.0146 | 0.0058 | 0.3970 |
1599 | 0.0149 | 0.0062 | 0.4145 | |
1532 | 0.0150 | 0.0065 | 0.4340 | |
1484 (±118) | 0.0148 (±0.0001) | 0.0062 (±0.0003) | 0.4152 (±0.0151) | |
NR_5_100 | 842 | 0.0149 | 0.0055 | 0.3729 |
911 | 0.0151 | 0.0054 | 0.3556 | |
879 | 0.0150 | 0.0056 | 0.3701 | |
877 (±28) | 0.0150 (±0.0001) | 0.0055 (±0.0001) | 0.3662 (±0.0076) | |
NR_10_10 | 1387 | 0.0115 | 0.0068 | 0.5943 |
1349 | 0.0109 | 0.0065 | 0.5958 | |
1300 | 0.0115 | 0.0061 | 0.5356 | |
1345 (±35) | 0.0113 (±0.0003) | 0.0065 (±0.0003) | 0.5751 (±0.0093) | |
NR_10_100 | 780 | 0.0135 | 0.0061 | 0.4504 |
808 | 0.0134 | 0.0068 | 0.5072 | |
750 | 0.0138 | 0.0065 | 0.4740 | |
779 (±23) | 0.0136 (±0.0002) | 0.0065 (±0.0003) | 0.4772 (±0.0233) |
Sample Designation | IR Absorbance at 1375cm−1 (NR). as Obtained after Baseline Subtraction | IR Absorbance at 723 cm−1 (without oil). as Obtained after Baseline Subtraction | IR Absorbance at 723 cm−1 (without oil) Calculated against Normalized Peak at 1375 cm−1 ** |
---|---|---|---|
NR_0_0 | 0.0101 | 0.0020 | 0.1972 |
0.0114 | 0.0016 | 0.1400 | |
0.0128 | 0.0016 | 0.1211 | |
0.0115 (±0.0011) * | 0.0017 (±0.0002) | 0.1528 (±0.0323) | |
NR_0_10 | 0.0113 | 0.0016 | 0.1445 |
0.0113 | 0.0021 | 0.1662 | |
0.0132 | 0.0017 | 0.1313 | |
0.0119 (±0.0009) | 0.0018 (±0.0002) | 0.1473 (±0.01439) | |
NR_0_100 | 0.0122 | 0.0016 | 0.1302 |
0.0127 | 0.0014 | 0.1121 | |
0.0124 | 0.0019 | 0.1542 | |
0.0124 (±0.0002) | 0.0016 (±0.0002) | 0.1322 (±0.0172) |
% Change in Tearing Energy | % Change in IR Absorbance Peak Height | ||
---|---|---|---|
defined for 5 phr of oil | defined for 10 phr of oil | defined for 5 phr of oil | defined for 10 phr of oil |
69.21 | 72.66 | 13.37 | 20.54 |
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Datta, S.; Stoček, R.; Harea, E.; Kratina, O.; Stěnička, M. Configuration of Novel Experimental Fractographic Reverse Engineering Approach Based on Relationship between Spectroscopy of Ruptured Surface and Fracture Behaviour of Rubber Sample. Materials 2020, 13, 4445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194445
Datta S, Stoček R, Harea E, Kratina O, Stěnička M. Configuration of Novel Experimental Fractographic Reverse Engineering Approach Based on Relationship between Spectroscopy of Ruptured Surface and Fracture Behaviour of Rubber Sample. Materials. 2020; 13(19):4445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194445
Chicago/Turabian StyleDatta, Sanjoy, Radek Stoček, Evghenii Harea, Ondřej Kratina, and Martin Stěnička. 2020. "Configuration of Novel Experimental Fractographic Reverse Engineering Approach Based on Relationship between Spectroscopy of Ruptured Surface and Fracture Behaviour of Rubber Sample" Materials 13, no. 19: 4445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194445