Silicone Resin-Based Intumescent Paints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Effect of Silicone Resins Structure on Their Thermal Stability
3. Formation of Intumescent Layer
4. The Effect of Physical Characteristics of Intumescent Layer on the Insulating Properties
5. The Effect of Silicone Resin Structure Used in Intumescent Paints on the Properties of the Char Formed during the Thermal Decomposition of the Intumescent Paint
6. The Effect of Filler on the Properties of the Char Formed during the Thermal Decomposition of the Silicone-Based Intumescent Paint
7. Innovative Applications of Silicone-Based Intumescent Paints
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Denotation | Stoichiometric Formula | Structural Formula | Degree of Branching |
---|---|---|---|
M | R3SiO1/2 | R Me-Si-O- R | 1 |
D | R2SiO2/2 | R -O-Si-O- R | 2 |
T | RSiO3/2 | R -O-Si-O- O | 3 |
Q | SiO4/2 | O -O-Si-O- O | 4 |
Processes Sequence | Active Component | Role in Intumescent Layer Formation |
---|---|---|
Preliminary heating | Polymer binder | Softening and melting to ensure the proper properties of the coating |
Inorganic acids releasing | Phosphoric acid, its ammonium, aminic salt and esters (ammonium phosphate APP and polyphosphate), boric acid and its derivatives | Thermal decomposition of an acid >250 °C which esterifies hydroxyl groups of polymeric binder and char formers |
Carbonization of char formers | Polyhydric alcohols (erythritol and its oligomers saccharides and polysaccharides, polyhydric phenols) (HPO3)x + Cy(H2O)z | Thermal decomposition results in the formation of carbonaceous material having a large number of hydroxyl groups, able to be esterification with acids |
Foam structure formation | Nitrogen or halogen compounds such as melamine and its phosphoric salts, urea, dicyandiamide, guanidine and its derivatives, glycine, chlorinated paraffins | Releases large quantities of non-inflammable gases during thermal decomposition, thus forming foamed structure of carbonaceous layer |
Expansion, crosslinking and hardening of the mixture | All components of the paint | Formation of hard carbonaceous layer |
Type of the Filler | The Role of the Filler Action of the Filler | Drawbacks or Advantages | References |
---|---|---|---|
TiO2 | White pigment interacting with P2O5 from decomposition of APP giving titanium pyrophosphate | Positive effect on insulating properties due to formation of white foamed layer of titanium pyrophosphate on the surface of sintered layer | [47] |
TiO2 rutile | More suitable size of crystallographic domains as compared to anatase allowing better packing | Significantly better fire resistance of sintered layer as compared to TiO2 anatase | [48] |
MoO3 and Fe2O3 | Interaction with the components of intumescent layer: APP, PER, MEL | Additives positively affecting thermal stability of intumescent layer | [49] |
Titanium or zirconium salts (nitrides, borides, carbides) | Thermal degradation of these salts at high temperatures | Non -reactive fillers acting as thermal stabilizers of the intumescent layer | [50,51,52,53] |
CaCO3 | Thermal decomposition of CaCO3 with formation of calcium silicate–wollastonite is preferred due to fibrous structure | Low porosity of the intumescent layer–positive effect on mechanical and insulating properties. Formation of larnite is undesirable competitive process. | [54,55] |
Expanded graphite, silicone resins decomposition products, calcium silicate | Graphite platelets build into the char through interactions with silicone resins decomposition products and calcium silicate (decomposition product of CaCO3) | Formation of an expanded insulative char (3400% expansion) formed with a high expansion velocity (18%/s) and exhibiting a low thermal conductivity (0.35 W/K m at 500 °C) | [56] |
Expanded graphite, organoclay, CaCO3 | Intercalation of organoclay platelets with chemical reaction between hydroxyl groups of the organoclay and silanol groups of silicone resin with formation of Si-O-C bonds | Stabilization of char structure and clear improvement in mechanical properties of the char | [57] |
Mineral fibres, silicone-epoxy resin intumescent paint | Addition of 3 wt.% of mineral fibres which can be incorporated into the structure of the char formed from decomposition of silicone-epoxy resin binder | Improved mechanical properties and anti-corrosion properties. Better protection of steel structures | [44] |
Type of Silicone Intumescent Paint | Protected Substrate | Drawbacks or Advantages | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Acrylic binder modified with silicone resin emulsion | Steel | Improved thermal stability. Protected steel surface withstands temperature up to 649 °C for 2 h | [70] |
Styrene-modified acrylic copolymer resin containing a silicone-modified acrylic resin that improves fire resistance | Structural elements and reinforced concrete structures | Very good fire resistance (up to 3 h) due to strong adhesin and wear resistance of intumescent layer | [71] |
Silicone resin binder obtained by reacting epichlorohydrin with polysilanol compound. Glass flakes added as a filler | Steel and reinforced concrete structures | Can be applied as an alternative material instead of plaster, vermiculite spraying, and concrete fireproof walls | [72] |
Acrylic-silicone binder | Tunnel fire-proof protection | The bonding strength is 0.5 MPa, and the fire resistance limit is 90 min. | [73] |
Silicone acrylic emulsion containing spirocyclic phosphate intumescent flame retardant | Cellulosic textile | Long burning resistance time, high mechanical strength, good waterproof and weather resistance and smooth coating surface. A preparation technology is simple in process and convenient in operation | [74] |
Silicone resin binder, non-purified fullerene soot, graphite microparticles | High-rise buildings | Reinforced structure of intumescent layer | [75,76,77,78] |
Epoxy-silicone binder, CaCO3 or Fe2O3 | Polycarbonate | Formation of intumescent layer limiting the spread of flame. Reduced dripping of burning material during a fir | [79] |
Epoxy-silicone resin binder, CaCO3, Fe2O3 | Electro-optical displays or photovoltaic tiles | Formation of flexible and transparent coating | [80] |
Aqueous organic polymer dispersion and silicone resin emulsion | Steel, aluminium, wood, concrete, electric cables and pipes, or for coating open steel profiles, closed and/or castellated profiles, or for workshop applications. | Easy to application intumescent paint forming protective layer characterised by very good mechanical and thermal properties | [81] |
Multilayer epoxy resin based intumescent paint. Silicone resin as binder for the top layer | Different surfaces metal, wood, plastics used in construction | The disadvantage is the necessity to apply the paint twice. The first layer is based on epoxy resin and the second layer is based on silicone resin | [82] |
One or more crosslinkable silicone polymer | Applicable to products formed for fire wall linings, fire partitions, screens, ceilings or linings, structural fire protection, fire door inserts, window or door seals, intumescent seals, in electrical switchboard cabinets or cables. In one cable application, the composition may be used as the extruded intermediate material | Very good mechanical properties and high temperature stability | [83] |
Intumescent composition comprising a polydimethylsiloxane (A) of degree of polymerisation at least 300 siloxane units and expandable graphite and a titanate catalyst | Protection of a metal, wood or plastics substrate exposed to fire risk from hydrocarbons | Reinforced structure of intumescent paint. Very good thermal insulation and adhesion to different substrates | [84] |
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Zielecka, M.; Rabajczyk, A.; Cygańczuk, K.; Pastuszka, Ł.; Jurecki, L. Silicone Resin-Based Intumescent Paints. Materials 2020, 13, 4785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214785
Zielecka M, Rabajczyk A, Cygańczuk K, Pastuszka Ł, Jurecki L. Silicone Resin-Based Intumescent Paints. Materials. 2020; 13(21):4785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214785
Chicago/Turabian StyleZielecka, Maria, Anna Rabajczyk, Krzysztof Cygańczuk, Łukasz Pastuszka, and Leszek Jurecki. 2020. "Silicone Resin-Based Intumescent Paints" Materials 13, no. 21: 4785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214785