Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Printing Method
2.2. Printed Structures and Printing Process
2.3. Mixture
2.4. Material Properties in the Fresh State
3. Buildability in the Fresh State
3.1. Interlayer Interval Time
3.2. Lateral Supports
4. Mechanical Properties
4.1. Specimen Preparation and Testing Methods
4.2. Compressive Strength
4.3. Splitting Tensile Strength
4.4. Flexural Tensile Strength
5. Conclusions
- The interlayer interval time significantly influenced the buildability of 3D printed concrete. The test results showed that an extended interlayer interval time of up to 300 s contributed to the green strength of the 3D printed concrete and thus increased the buildability of the 3D printed concrete.
- The 3D printed concrete structures with lateral supports could increase the resistance to collapse due to buckling failure. In particular, a wide connecting width between the lateral support and the structure wall improved the capacity of layer decomposition in the 3D printed concrete.
- The compressive strengths of the 3D printed cubic specimens were 32.3~42.6% lower than those of the monolithic specimens. In addition, the weak bonding performance between the reinforcement and concrete filaments caused the low compressive strength of the printed specimens in direction II.
- The splitting tensile strength of the 3D printed concrete specimens was 11.1~39.7% lower than that of the monolithic specimens, depending on the loading directions. The splitting tensile failure was accompanied by debonding between the printed layers, which implied that the bonding performance between the concrete filaments and reinforcements should be confirmed when interlayer reinforcements are included.
- The flexural tensile strengths of the 3D printed specimens without reinforcements at the interlayers were approximately half that of the monolithic cast specimens. The flexural tensile strength of the printed specimens was improved by the metal lath reinforcements. The failure pattern also revealed that the bonding between the interlayers and reinforcements might influence the flexural strength.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
References
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Group | Structure Identification | Dimensions | Nozzle Speed (mm/s) | Interlayer Interval Time (s) | RPMs of Mixing Screw (r/m) | Number of Deposition Layers | Ultimate State |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | S1 | | 100 | 36 | 120 | 19 | Buckling |
S2 | 80 | 45 | 120 | 49 | Buckling | ||
S3 | 80 | 45 | 140 | 29 (1) | Tearing of concrete | ||
Group 2 | S4 | | 80 | 55 | 120 | 22 | Buckling |
S5 | | 80 | 57 | 120 | 28 (1) | Tearing of concrete | |
S6 | | 80 | 30 | 100 | 33 | Buckling | |
Group 3 | S7 | | 50 | 300 | 120 | 52 (1) | Printing stopped |
S8 | 50 | 300 | 120 | 52 (1) | Printing stopped | ||
S9 | | 50 | 300 | 120 | 52 (1) | Printing stopped | |
S10 (2) | | 50 | 300 | 120 | 52 (1) | Printing stopped |
W/B (%) | Unit Weight (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | OPC | SF | FA | Sand | HWRA | Viscosity Agent | |
0.29 | 240 | 576 | 79 | 172 | 1154 | 8.27 | 1.65 |
Strength | Loading Direction | Monolithic Specimen | Printed Specimen | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Metal Laths | With Metal Laths | |||||||||
Number of Specimens | Mean (MPa) | SD (MPa) | Number of Specimens | Mean (MPa) | SD (MPa) | Number of Specimens | Mean (MPa) | SD (MPa) | ||
Compressive strength () | Loading direction I | 5 | 72.8 | 9.0 | 5 | 23.5 | 9.8 | 5 | 24.6 | 0.7 |
Loading direction II (III) | 5 | 5 | 31.0 | 8.3 | 5 | 24.0 | 3.5 | |||
Splitting tensile strength () | Loading direction I | 5 | 11.3 | 2.7 | 5 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 5 | 4.4 | 0.8 |
Loading direction II | 5 | 5 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 5 | 3.3 | 0.3 | |||
Loading direction III | 5 | 5 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 5 | 1.2 | 0.4 | |||
Flexural tensile strength () | Loading direction I | 5 | 11.9 | 1.1 | 5 | 6.5 | 0.8 | 5 | 18.5 | 4.0 |
Loading direction II | 5 | 5 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 5 | 11.0 | 1.7 |
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Joh, C.; Lee, J.; Bui, T.Q.; Park, J.; Yang, I.-H. Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete. Materials 2020, 13, 4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214919
Joh C, Lee J, Bui TQ, Park J, Yang I-H. Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete. Materials. 2020; 13(21):4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214919
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoh, Changbin, Jungwoo Lee, The Quang Bui, Jihun Park, and In-Hwan Yang. 2020. "Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete" Materials 13, no. 21: 4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214919