Activation of Rubber-Seed Shell Waste by Malic Acid as Potential CO2 Removal: Isotherm and Kinetics Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Preparation
2.2. Activation and Carbonization
2.3. Characterization Studies
2.4. Studies on CO2 Adsorption
2.5. Kinetics Modeling Studies
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Elemental Composition of RSS
3.2. Surface and Porosity Analysis
3.3. Surface Morphology
3.4. FTIR Analysis
3.5. TGA Analysis
3.6. CO2 Adsorption Performance and Isotherm Studies
3.7. Kinetic Analysis of the CO2 Adsorption Process
3.8. Comparison Study with Other Adsorbent Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isotherm | Non-Linear Equation | Linear Equation |
---|---|---|
Langmuir | ||
Freundlich | ||
Dubinin-Radushkevich | ||
Temkin |
Elements | RSS before Carbonization | Sample A6 after Carbonization |
---|---|---|
Weight (%) | Weight (%) | |
Carbon | 51.4 | 69.4 |
Oxygen | 38.5 | 22.1 |
Hydrogen | 5.3 | 2.1 |
Sulphur | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Nitrogen | 1.6 | 3.4 |
Calcium | 3.1 | 2.9 |
Total | 100 | 100 |
Sample | IR | Act. Temp, Tact (°C) | Act. Time, tact (min) | Specific Surface Area, SBET (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume, VT (cm3/g) | Average Pore Diameter, D (nm) | Percentage Micro Pores (%) | Yield (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw | - | - | - | 3.05 | 0.00 | 4.554 | 19.82 | - |
A1 | 1:1 | 400 | 60 | 265.51 | 0.12 | 3.810 | 68.21 | 44.07 |
A2 | 1:1 | 500 | 60 | 471.14 | 0.19 | 1.084 | 79.04 | 43.85 |
A3 | 1:2 | 500 | 120 | 684.19 | 0.26 | 1.173 | 83.10 | 42.04 |
A4 | 1:3 | 500 | 120 | 502.50 | 0.24 | 1.155 | 81.32 | 42.28 |
A5 | 1:1 | 600 | 120 | 832.24 | 0.31 | 1.214 | 83.73 | 41.86 |
A6 | 1:2 | 600 | 120 | 938.61 | 0.41 | 1.368 | 85.24 | 42.72 |
A7 | 1:3 | 600 | 180 | 622.44 | 0.37 | 1.231 | 84.02 | 41.22 |
A8 | 1:2 | 700 | 120 | 730.61 | 0.31 | 1.330 | 84.07 | 40.62 |
A9 | 1:2 | 800 | 120 | 682.13 | 0.31 | 1.372 | 83.24 | 40.26 |
A10 | 1:2 | 900 | 120 | 510.20 | 0.30 | 2.214 | 82.92 | 38.66 |
A11 | 1:2 | 900 | 180 | 302.35 | 0.21 | 3.025 | 72.70 | 38.02 |
Type | 25 °C | 50 °C | 100 °C | Type | 25 °C | 50 °C | 100 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | Freundlich | ||||||
qm | 76.7234 | 59.0621 | 41.4431 | kF | 43.7640 | 30.8725 | 12.5502 |
kL | 2.4326 | 1.32280 | 0.6844 | n | 2.7697 | 1.4205 | 1.2009 |
R2 | 0.9873 | 0.9744 | 0.9821 | R2 | 0.9952 | 0.9951 | 0.9910 |
Dubinin Radushkevich | Temkin | ||||||
qm | 39.7542 | 25.8004 | 12.6642 | B | 12.0744 | 9.2582 | 4.7621 |
λ | 3.6771E-8 | 3.8261E-8 | 4.8011E-8 | kT | 28.903 | 19.005 | 13.1774 |
E | 4.0241 | 3.4902 | 3.0182 | bT | 238.7742 | 389.0624 | 714.5542 |
R2 | 0.9432 | 0.9576 | 0.9611 | R2 | 0.9589 | 0.9476 | 0.9305 |
Type | 25 °C | 50 °C | 100 °C | Type | 25 °C | 50 °C | 100 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-First Order | Pseudo-Second Order | ||||||
qe (mg/g) | 138.716 | 101.447 | 74.929 | k2 (g/mg min) | 1.09 × 10−4 | 1.45 × 10−4 | 1.74 × 10−3 |
k1 (1/min) | 0.0882 | 0.0294 | 0.0068 | h (mg/g min) | 2.097 | 1.276 | 0.9761 |
R2 | 0.9888 | 0.9928 | 0.9913 | R2 | 0.8901 | 0.8860 | 0.8861 |
Elovich | |||||||
β (g/mg) | 0.0390 | 0.0638 | 0.9243 | ||||
α (mg/g min) | 0.6282 | 0.4028 | 0.0932 | ||||
R2 | 0.9322 | 0.9193 | 0.9549 |
Adsorbent Types | Activation Method | CO2 Adsorption Capacity (mg/g) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Coconut shell | Chemical (NaOH) | 27.10 | [10] |
Banana peel | Chemical (KOH) | 48.40 | [12] |
Rice husk | Chemical (ZnCl2) | 57.13 | [11] |
Palm kernel shell | Chemical (ZnCl2) | 62.05 | [9] |
Coconut shell char | Chemical (MEA) | 35.57 | [37] |
Sewage sludge | Physical (microwave) | 53.30 | [38] |
Sawdust biochar | Chemical (MEA) | 44.80 | [14] |
Bimodal silica | Physical (hydrothermal) | 123.23 | [39] |
Norit® SX2 CAC | Physical (steam) | 82.74 | [40] |
Rht-MOF-7 | Chemical (MOF) | 105.6 | [41] |
Zeolite 13X CAC | Physical (hydrothermal) | 91.23 | [35] |
SIFSIX-3-Zn | Chemical (MOM) | 124.52 | [42] |
RSS AC | Chemical (KOH) | 54.41 | [15] |
RSS AC | Chemical (malic acid) | 107.99 | This work |
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Borhan, A.; Yusuf, S. Activation of Rubber-Seed Shell Waste by Malic Acid as Potential CO2 Removal: Isotherm and Kinetics Studies. Materials 2020, 13, 4970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214970
Borhan A, Yusuf S. Activation of Rubber-Seed Shell Waste by Malic Acid as Potential CO2 Removal: Isotherm and Kinetics Studies. Materials. 2020; 13(21):4970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214970
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorhan, Azry, and Suzana Yusuf. 2020. "Activation of Rubber-Seed Shell Waste by Malic Acid as Potential CO2 Removal: Isotherm and Kinetics Studies" Materials 13, no. 21: 4970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214970