Potential Application of Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition of the Material Targets for Production of Diagnostic Radioisotopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Radiation and thermal stability of the target and target support under irradiation;
- Adequate heat dissipation and thermal conductivity of these materials;
- Simple and almost complete separation of produced radionuclide from target material within a short period of time, preferably less than half an hour;
- Simple and high efficient (99% per irradiation and separation) reprocessing of the target;
- The chemical state of the produced radionuclide should not handicap any in vivo application or labelling procedure.
- 6.
- Smooth, dendrite free surface with appropriate granulometry.
2. Electrochemistry of Targets Elements
2.1. Calcium (Ca) & Strontium (Sr)
2.2. Scandium (Sc) & Yttrium (Y)
2.3. Nickel (Ni)
2.4. Zinc (Zn)
2.5. Selenium (Se)
2.6. Molybdenum (Mo)
2.7. Cadmium (Cd)
2.8. Tellurium (Te)
2.9. Thallium (Tl) & Indium (In)
2.10. Uranium (U)
3. Application
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ChCl | Choline chloride |
EG | Ethylene glycol |
Mal | Malonic acid |
Lev | Levulinic acid |
Phenylac | Phenylacetic acid |
Phenylprop | 3-Phenylpropionic acid |
Glyce | Glycerol |
Gluc | D-(+)-Glucose |
TBP | tri-n-butylphosphate |
[BMIm][DBP] | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate |
[BMIm][HSO4] | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate |
[BMIm][TfO] | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate |
[BMIm][BF4] | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate |
[EMIm][BF4] | 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate |
[P2225][Tf2N] | triethylopentylophosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide |
[P66614][Tf2N] | trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide |
[BMPyr][Tf2N] | 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide |
[EMPyr]Cl | N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium chloride |
[BMPyr][DCA] | N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium dicyanamide |
[BMPyr]Cl | 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride |
[EMIm][DCA] | 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide |
[EMIm]Cl | 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride |
[N1444]Cl | tri-n-butylmethylammonium chloride |
[TBA][BF4] | terbutylammonium tetrafluoroborate |
[TBA]2[TeCl6] | tetrabutylammonium hexachlorotellurate(IV) |
[TBA]Cl | tetrabutylammonium chloride |
[TMA]Cl | tetramethylammonium chloride |
[EOPip]Br | 1-ethyl-1-octyl-piperidinium bromide |
[EOPip][Tf2N] | 1-ethyl-1-octyl-piperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide |
[MPPip][Tf2N] | 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide |
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Production | Radio-Nuclide | Main Decay Scheme | Half Life | Nuclear Reaction | Target Isotope | mp/°C | Thermal Cond./ W∙m−1∙K−1 | Abund. of Target Isotope/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cyclotron | 44Sc | β+ | 3.93 h | 44Ca(p,n)44Sc | 44Ca | 842 | 200 | 2.086 |
45Ti | β+ | 3.1 h | 45Sc(p,n)45Ti | 45Sc | 1539 | 16 | 100 | |
55Co | β+ | 17.5 h | 58Ni(p,α)55Co | 55Ni | 1455 | 91 | 68.0769 | |
60Cu | β+ | 23.7 min | 60Ni(p,n)60Cu | 60Ni | 26.2231 | |||
61Cu | β+ | 3.3 h | 61Ni(p,n)61Cu | 61Ni | 1.1399 | |||
64Cu | β+ | 12.7 h | 64Ni(p,n)64Cu | 64Ni | 0.9256 | |||
68Ga | β+ | 67.7 min | 68Zn(p,n)68Ga | 68Zn | 419.5 | 120 | 18.5 | |
76Br | β+ | 16.2 h | 76Se(p,n)76Cu | 76Se | 217 | 0.52 | 9.37 | |
86Y | β+ | 14.7 h | 86Sr(p,n)86Y | 86Sr | 770 | 35 | 9.86 | |
89Zr | β+ | 3.27 days | 89Y(p,n)89Zr | 89Y | 1523 | 17 | 100 | |
94mTc | IT | 52 min | 94Mo(p,n)94mTc | 94Mo | 2617 | 139 | 9.23 | |
99mTc | IT | 6.02 h | 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc | 100Mo | 14.77 | |||
111In | β- | 2.8 days | 111Cd(p,n)111In | 111Cd | 321 | 97 | 12.80 | |
124I | β+ | 1.18 days | 124Te(p,n)124I | 124Te | 450 | 3 | 4.74 | |
201Tl | EC | 73 h | 203Tl(p,3n)201Pb→201Tl | 203Tl | 304 | 46 | 29.52 | |
nuclear reactor | 99Mo→ 99mTc | IT | 66h→6.02 h | 235U(n,xn) SF (incl. 99Mo→99mTc) | 235U | 1132 | 27 | varies 1 |
131I | β- | 8 days | 130Te(n,γ)131Te→131I | 130Te | 321 | 3 | 12.80 |
Element | Atomic Density of the Element in: (1023 at.∙cm−3) | at. Ratio Metal: Metal Oxide | |
---|---|---|---|
Metal | Metal Oxide | ||
Ca | 0.233 | 0.359 (CaO) | 1.18 |
Sc | 0.399 | 0.339 (Sc2O3) | 1.18 |
Ni | 0.914 | 0.538 (NiO) | 1.70 |
Zn | 0.657 | 0.415 (ZnO) | 1.58 |
Se | 0.367(grey) | 0.215 (SeO2) | 1.71 |
Sr | 0.181 | 0.273 (SrO) | 0.66 |
Y | 0.302 | 0.266 (Y2O3) | 1.14 |
Mo | 0.645 | 0.197 (MoO3) | 3.27 |
U | 0.483 | 0.244 (UO2) | 1.98 |
Te | 0.294 | 0.228 (TeO2tetra) | 1.29 |
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Chotkowski, M.; Połomski, D.; Czerwinski, K. Potential Application of Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition of the Material Targets for Production of Diagnostic Radioisotopes. Materials 2020, 13, 5069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225069
Chotkowski M, Połomski D, Czerwinski K. Potential Application of Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition of the Material Targets for Production of Diagnostic Radioisotopes. Materials. 2020; 13(22):5069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225069
Chicago/Turabian StyleChotkowski, Maciej, Damian Połomski, and Kenneth Czerwinski. 2020. "Potential Application of Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition of the Material Targets for Production of Diagnostic Radioisotopes" Materials 13, no. 22: 5069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225069