The Influence of the Depth of Cut in Single-Pass Grinding on the Microstructure and Properties of the C45 Steel Surface Layer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Preparation of Test Samples
2.2. Grinding the Sample
2.3. Characterization
2.3.1. Microstructure Analysis
2.3.2. Nanoindentation Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure and Phase Composition of Grinded Surface Layer
3.2. Hardness Measurements on the Grinded Surface
3.3. Hardness Measurements on the Cross-Section of the Grinded Surface
4. Conclusions
- Grinding of C45 steel to a depth ranging from 2 μm to 20 μm at constant cutting speed (peripheral speed) of vs = 25 ms−1 and constant feed rate vft = 1 m/min caused work hardening of the surface layer without phase transformation.
- The largest work hardening was shown by grinding to a depth of 2 μm, with greater hardness occurring at a distance of 10 μm from the grinded surface than on the cut surface. The high hardness after grinding to a depth of 2 μm resulted from the formation of a favorable equiaxial cellular structure in ferrite grains. In addition, grinding to a depth of 2 μm did not generate any cracks in the work-hardened surface layer.
- Grinding to a depth of 8 μm caused the work-hardening of the surface layer and its cracking due to exceeding the strength limit. In this case, the cellular structure was formed both in the ferrite grains and in the ferrite plates located in the pearlite. In the surface layer, the ferrite and cementite tiles are broken into a characteristic zig-zag, due to heavy loads.
- Grinding to a depth of 14 μm caused strong deformation of the grinded surface layer and its simultaneous detachment from the substrate with a much lower work hardening degree. In the ferrite grains and in the ferrite plates located in pearlite, the cellular structure is visible only directly at the surface, exposed due to the detachment of the hardened surface layer.
- The energy supplied to the material during grinding to a depth of 20 μm was used not only to work hardening of the surface layer but also to create an oxide scale that adheres well to the work-hardened substrate. This oxide scale consists of hematite, magnetite, and wustite.
- In all cases, ferrite grains were more susceptible to work hardening than pearlite grains, and after grinding to different depths, different dislocation substructure was created in the work-hardened surface layer.
- In further experiments, nanoindentation tests of the work-hardened surface layers will be carried out on a cross-section of the grinded surface at a varied distance from the cut surface. It will provide more detailed information about the properties of the hardened layer.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition wt.% | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cu | Cr | Ni |
0.47 | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.030 | 0.025 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.26 |
Element | wt.% | at.% |
---|---|---|
O | 32.82 | 62.05 |
Si | 0.98 | 1.05 |
S | 1.52 | 1.43 |
Mn | 1.47 | 0.81 |
Cu | 2.34 | 1.12 |
Fe | 60.87 | 33.54 |
Total | 100 | 100 |
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Szkodo, M.; Chodnicka-Wszelak, K.; Deja, M.; Stanisławska, A.; Bartmański, M. The Influence of the Depth of Cut in Single-Pass Grinding on the Microstructure and Properties of the C45 Steel Surface Layer. Materials 2020, 13, 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051040
Szkodo M, Chodnicka-Wszelak K, Deja M, Stanisławska A, Bartmański M. The Influence of the Depth of Cut in Single-Pass Grinding on the Microstructure and Properties of the C45 Steel Surface Layer. Materials. 2020; 13(5):1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051040
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzkodo, Marek, Karolina Chodnicka-Wszelak, Mariusz Deja, Alicja Stanisławska, and Michał Bartmański. 2020. "The Influence of the Depth of Cut in Single-Pass Grinding on the Microstructure and Properties of the C45 Steel Surface Layer" Materials 13, no. 5: 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051040