Influence of Copper Addition on Sigma Phase Precipitation during Hot Deformation of Duplex Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Research Methodology
- Making of Y-shaped castings with a wall thickness of 25.0 mm (Figure 3);
- Analysis of the microstructure of the materials in the raw state;
- Solution-annealing to remove the primary precipitated sigma phase;
- Hot deformation using the Gleeble 3800 Physical Simulation System with the Hydrawedge module;
- Analysis of materials microstructure after the plastic deformation process.
3. Obtained Results
- σdef—σ phase percentage,
- ε—strain, %,
- tε—deformation time, s.
4. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Designation | C | Mn | Si | S | P | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 | 0.021 | 1.46 | 0.93 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 26.70 | 6.48 | 3.10 | 0.02 | 0.23 |
according to the standard | ||||||||||
0.03 * | 2.0 * | 1.0 * | 0.015 * | 0.035 * | 24.0–26.0 | 6.0–8.0 | 3.0–4.5 | - | 0.2–0.35 | |
X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 | 0.024 | 1.32 | 0.81 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 25.84 | 6.34 | 2.93 | 2.75 | 0.23 |
according to the standard | ||||||||||
0.03 * | 2.0 * | 0.7 * | 0.015 * | 0.035 * | 24.0–26.0 | 5.0–7.5 | 2.7–4.0 | 1.0–2.5 | 0.15–0.35 |
Design | Temperature, °C | Strain Rate, s−1 | True Deformation | Pause Time, s |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
2 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
3 | 1100 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
4 | 1100 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
5 | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.2 | 0.25 |
6 | 1100 | 1.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.2 | 0.25 |
7 | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
8 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
9 | 1100 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
10 | 1100 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
11 | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.2 | 0.25 |
12 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.4 | - |
13 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.45 | - |
14 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.5 | - |
15 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.6 | - |
16 | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = ε4 = 0.3 | 0.25 |
Design. | Temperature, °C | Strain Rate, s−1 | True Deformation | Pause Time, s |
---|---|---|---|---|
1a | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
2a | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
3a | 1100 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
4a | 1100 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.2 | - |
5a | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 =0.2 | 0.25 |
6a | 1100 | 1.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.2 | 0.25 |
7a | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
8a | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
9a | 1100 | 1.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
10a | 1100 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.3 | - |
11a | 850 | 1.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 =0.2 | 0.25 |
12a | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.4 | - |
13a | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = 0.6 | - |
14a | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.3 | 0.25 |
15a | 850 | 10.0 | ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = ε4 = 0.3 | 0.25 |
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Stradomski, G.; Szarek, A.; Rydz, D. Influence of Copper Addition on Sigma Phase Precipitation during Hot Deformation of Duplex Steel. Materials 2020, 13, 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071665
Stradomski G, Szarek A, Rydz D. Influence of Copper Addition on Sigma Phase Precipitation during Hot Deformation of Duplex Steel. Materials. 2020; 13(7):1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071665
Chicago/Turabian StyleStradomski, Grzegorz, Arkadiusz Szarek, and Dariusz Rydz. 2020. "Influence of Copper Addition on Sigma Phase Precipitation during Hot Deformation of Duplex Steel" Materials 13, no. 7: 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071665