Experimental Research and Numerical Analysis of the Elastic Properties of Paper Cell Cores before and after Impregnation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Choice of Papers and Impregnating
2.2. Method for Determining Ultimate Strength of Papers
2.3. Choice of Cell Geometry
2.4. Method of Manufacturing Core Cells
2.5. Method for Determining the Elastic Properties of Cores
2.6. Numerical Models of Cores
3. Research Results and Their Analysis
3.1. Influence of Impregnating Agent Concentration on Paper Strength
3.2. Elastic Properties of Hexagonal Cores
3.3. Comparison of Experimental and Analytical Results
3.4. Comparison of Experimental Results and FEM Numerical Calculations
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paper Thickness (mm) Agent | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.25 |
---|---|---|---|
Paper Grammage (g/m2) | |||
Test zero-without agent | 85 | 123 | 134 |
Acetylated starch (ST) | 90 | 139 | 178 |
Sodium silicate (SS) | 101 | 150 | 207 |
LiquidWood® (LW) | 148 | 178 | 256 |
Cell Type | ρ | Sy | Lx | I | h | t | φ | ε |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(–) | (mm) | (˚) | ||||||
A | 0.0249 | 16.62 | 23.99 | 11.5 | 3.9 | 0.15 | 45 | 67.5 |
B | 0.0249 | 17.91 | 25.99 | 10.2 | 8.0 | 0.15 | 30 | 60.0 |
C | 0.0249 | 23.28 | 20.15 | 12.2 | 6.0 | 0.15 | 20 | 55.0 |
D | 0.0249 | 17.08 | 28.89 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 0.15 | 30 | 60.0 |
E | 0.0249 | 13.33 | 46.48 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 0.15 | 60 | 75.0 |
F | 0.0585 | 9.47 | 46.84 | 6.3 | 19.1 | 0.25 | 45 | 67.5 |
G | 0.0344 | 6.21 | 33.74 | 6.0 | 11.7 | 0.10 | 60 | 75.0 |
Cell Type | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(–) | (MPa) | |||
A | 0.210/0.030 | 3.01/0.64 | 0.0025/0.0005 | 0.0274/0.0084 |
A_(ST) | 0.250/0.060 | 2.52/0.33 | 0.0057/0.0013 | 0.0519/0.0117 |
A_(SS) | 0.310/0.040 | 2.33/0.14 | 0.0035/0.0002 | 0.0313/0.0025 |
A_(LW) | 0.090/0.010 | 3.95/0.25 | 0.0023/0.0007 | 0.1097/0.0174 |
B | 0.320/0.030 | 1.77/0.25 | 0.0009/0.0001 | 0.0029/0.0009 |
B_(ST) | 0.330/0.050 | 1.52/0.17 | 0.0043/0.0007 | 0.0385/0.0034 |
B_(SS) | 0.420/0.050 | 1.80/0.06 | 0.0046/0.0003 | 0.0333/0.0045 |
B_(LW) | 0.160/0.020 | 2.42/0.23 | 0.0025/0.0005 | 0.0661/0.0111 |
C | 0.560/0.030 | 1.03/0.12 | 0.0008/0.0001 | 0.0019/0.0002 |
C_(ST) | 0.800/0.010 | 0.93/0.07 | 0.0050/0.0006 | 0.0065/0.0004 |
C_(SS) | 0.720/0.370 | 0.77/0.07 | 0.0053/0.0015 | 0.0059/0.0013 |
C_(LW) | 0.550/0.050 | 1.28/0.14 | 0.0049/0.0007 | 0.0144/0.0004 |
D | 0.360/0.030 | 1.94/0.31 | 0.0014/0.0001 | 0.0028/0.0002 |
D_(ST) | 0.250/0.050 | 2.20/0.49 | 0.0026/0.0009 | 0.0296/0.0089 |
D_(SS) | 0.320/0.030 | 1.86/0.28 | 0.0040/0.0007 | 0.0291/0.0770 |
D_(LW) | 0.180/0.010 | 3.49/0.69 | 0.0040/0.0003 | 0.0824/0.0173 |
E | 0.060/0.010 | 8.72/0.50 | 0.0006/0.0001 | 0.0119/0.0023 |
E_(ST) | 0.070/0.010 | 7.24/1.12 | 0.0018/0.0002 | 0.0544/0.0070 |
E_(SS) | 0.110/0.010 | 6.22/1.14 | 0.0017/0.0003 | 0.0510/0.0055 |
E_(LW) | 0.270/0.010 | 8.12/0.21 | 0.0032/0.0007 | 0.1185/0.0163 |
F | 0.074/0.021 | 9.93/1.13 | 0.0034/0.0012 | 0.5200/0.1900 |
F_(ST) | 0.091/0.017 | 7.10/1.12 | 0.0044/0.0009 | 0.5300/0.1000 |
F_(SS) | 0.067/0.008 | 5.96/0.37 | 0.0030/0.0007 | 0.4200/0.0700 |
F_(LW) | 0.060/0.010 | 7.99/0.81 | 0.0108/0.0015 | 1.2800/0.0500 |
G | 0.074/0.009 | 5.32/0.40 | 0.0007/0.0001 | 0.0371/0.0049 |
G_(ST) | 0.053/0.009 | 7.16/0.93 | 0.0007/0.0001 | 0.0487/0.0056 |
G_(SS) | 0.063/0.010 | 6.15/1.29 | 0.0006/0.0001 | 0.0272/0.0033 |
G_(LW) | 0.051/0.015 | 8.09/1.19 | 0.0007/0.0001 | 0.0689/0.0084 |
Cell Type | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | R | T | R | T | R | T | R | T | R | T | R | T | R | T |
l (mm) | 10.68 | 11.50 | 9.93 | 10.20 | 11.67 | 12.20 | 9.41 | 9.70 | 12.98 | 13.00 | 6.52 | 8.00 | 5.13 | 6.00 |
h (mm) | 4.70 | 3.90 | 8.32 | 8.00 | 6.58 | 6.00 | 9.86 | 9.70 | 11.35 | 12.00 | 16.30 | 17.00 | 12.50 | 11.70 |
φ (°) | 59.19 | 45.00 | 45.58 | 30.00 | 32.18 | 20.00 | 44.24 | 30.00 | 74.23 | 60.00 | 57.47 | 45.00 | 58.60 | 60.00 |
Effect | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.082457 | 1 | 0.082457 | 234.4467 | 0.000000 |
Cell type | 0.014881 | 4 | 0.003720 | 10.5777 | 0.000000 |
Imp. sub. | 0.031600 | 3 | 0.010533 | 29.9487 | 0.000000 |
Dir. | 0.062411 | 1 | 0.062411 | 177.4510 | 0.000000 |
Cell type*Imp. sub. | 0.007255 | 12 | 0.000605 | 1.7189 | 0.066376 |
Error | 0.060494 | 172 | 0.000352 |
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Słonina, M.; Dziurka, D.; Smardzewski, J. Experimental Research and Numerical Analysis of the Elastic Properties of Paper Cell Cores before and after Impregnation. Materials 2020, 13, 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092058
Słonina M, Dziurka D, Smardzewski J. Experimental Research and Numerical Analysis of the Elastic Properties of Paper Cell Cores before and after Impregnation. Materials. 2020; 13(9):2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092058
Chicago/Turabian StyleSłonina, Michał, Dorota Dziurka, and Jerzy Smardzewski. 2020. "Experimental Research and Numerical Analysis of the Elastic Properties of Paper Cell Cores before and after Impregnation" Materials 13, no. 9: 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092058