Effect of Jet Impingement Velocity and Angle on CO2 Erosion–Corrosion with and without Sand for API 5L-X65 Carbon Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Equipment
2.2. Test Specimens
2.3. Test Solution
2.4. Testing Procedure
2.5. Surface and Corrosion Scales Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visual Observation
3.2. Corrosion Scales Phase Identification by XRD
3.3. Cross-Section Characterization of Corrosion Scales
3.3.1. FE-SEM Observations
3.3.2. Elemental Analysis by EDS
3.4. Effect of Varying Parameters on CO2 Erosion–corrosion Rates
3.4.1. Effect of CO2 Concentration Represented in pH Value
3.4.2. Effect of Impingement Angle
3.4.3. Effect of Impingement Velocity
4. Conclusions
- The CO2 erosion–corrosion rate decreased with an increase in solution pH;
- Two layers of corrosion scales were observed on the top of the steel surface with different thicknesses and adherent properties at different pH values;
- Cementite (Fe3C) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were present in the corrosion scales formed on specimen surfaces;
- The highest CO2 erosion–corrosion was observed at an impingement angle of 45° due to the balance between normal and shear stresses which resulted in deeper erosion than that observed at an impingement angle of 15°;
- The CO2 erosion–corrosion rate increased with an increase in impingement velocity due to the increased loading of corrosive spices and higher stresses induced by turbulence flow;
- All specimens tested in the presence of sand particles exhibited much higher CO2 EC rates than those tested without sand due to the erosion effect of impinging sand particles.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Effect | without Sand | with Sand |
---|---|---|
Coloring | Dark coloring was observed, almost in all images | Dark coloring was observed only for pH 5.0 and 5.5. Coloring intensity ↑ as V ↑. |
Velocity Effect Scars | Number of scars ↑ as V ↑. | Number of scars ↓ as V ↑. |
Pitting | Higher | Lower |
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Toor, I.U.; Alashwan, Z.; Badr, H.M.; Ben-Mansour, R.; Shirazi, S.A. Effect of Jet Impingement Velocity and Angle on CO2 Erosion–Corrosion with and without Sand for API 5L-X65 Carbon Steel. Materials 2020, 13, 2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092198
Toor IU, Alashwan Z, Badr HM, Ben-Mansour R, Shirazi SA. Effect of Jet Impingement Velocity and Angle on CO2 Erosion–Corrosion with and without Sand for API 5L-X65 Carbon Steel. Materials. 2020; 13(9):2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092198
Chicago/Turabian StyleToor, Ihsan Ulhaq, Zakariya Alashwan, Hassan Mohamed Badr, Rached Ben-Mansour, and Siamack A. Shirazi. 2020. "Effect of Jet Impingement Velocity and Angle on CO2 Erosion–Corrosion with and without Sand for API 5L-X65 Carbon Steel" Materials 13, no. 9: 2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092198