Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Lattice Structures with Different Values of Relative Density Made from 316L by Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lattice Structure Design Process
3. Lattice Structure Manufacturing Process
4. Quality Control and Microstructure Studies
4.1. Geometrical Quality Control of the Lattice Structure Specimens
4.2. Structure and Microstructure Analysis of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
4.3. Microstructural Characterization
5. Deformation of the Lattice Structure Specimens under Various Loading Conditions
5.1. Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
5.2. Mechanical Response of Lattice Structure Specimens under Quasi-Static Loading Conditions
5.3. Mechanical Response of the Lattice Structure Specimens under Dynamic Loading Conditions
5.4. Comparison of Quasi-Static and Dynamic Results
6. Conclusions
- The fabrication of designed lattice structure specimens from 316L stainless steel metal powder is enabled using the SLM additive manufacturing technique. However, evaluations of the geometrical accuracies and microstructures revealed some drawbacks of the production process. Dimensional deviations of the lattice were different depending on the orientation of the struts in relation to the building direction\layer plane. The geometrical deflections of the lattice struts measured on the top plane (parallel to material deposition layers) were lower than the deviation measured on the side planes. This effect is generally caused by the additive nature of the manufacturing process. These discrepancies could potentially be reduced by optimizing process parameters and using powders with different grain size distribution.
- An evaluation of the material structure through the use of CT demonstrated the presence of pores and voids. Considering their size and stochastic distribution, additional postprocessing treatment was not applied. Nevertheless, these imperfections might affect the mechanical properties of the identified parameters of the J–C material model.
- The SLM-manufactured lattices revealed a structure composed of only an austenitic phase. Nevertheless, in the XRD patterns, a certain broadening and slight displacement of the austenite peaks were observed. These effects were connected to the residual stresses and refine microstructure induced by the SLM process. In addition, we observed the presence of hierarchical macro-, micro-, and nanostructures that arose during the SLM process, which was performed far from equilibrium, with high heating and cooling rates. exhibited
- The mechanical parameters of additively manufactured 316L material were different from the data gathered for the bulk material. For the additive method of specimen fabrication, the identified Johnson–Cook material model parameters will be used in further numerical simulations.
- Compression tests carried out under quasi-static conditions enabled observation that there is a relationship between the deformation plot history and the relative density. Specimens with higher values of relative density were characterized by a stretch-dominated mode; conversely, specimens with lower values of relative density had a bending-dominated mode with a long-range of plateaus.
- The results of dynamic compression tests enabled us to define the linear relationship between the energy absorption and the relative density. The dynamic behaviors of the lattice structures were similar. Specimens with higher values of relative density exhibited short stretch-dominated modes of deformation, and in turn, specimens with lower values of relative density showed long-plateau bending modes.
- Investigations on the technological process parameters enabling improvement of the geometrical quality of lattice specimens and the reduction of structural and microstructural imperfections must be continued. Additionally, numerical studies must be performed to define the mechanical responses of lattice structure specimens with a wide range of geometrical parameters. The results of the performed experimental studies will be used in the validation of the proposed numerical model.
- Lattice structure materials made of SS316L show promise for use as a new light constructional material with high mechanical properties. They can be potentially used in further cutting-edge products in many industrial fields.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Strut Diameter D [mm] | Height of Unit Cell H [mm] | Dimensions of Specimen [mm] | Mass [g] | Relative Density ρrel [-] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen 3_0.6 | 0.6 | 3 | 24 × 24 × 24 | 19.73 | 0.18 |
Specimen 3_0.8 | 0.8 | 3 | 24 × 24 × 24 | 32.51 | 0.29 |
Specimen 3_1 | 1 | 3 | 24 × 24 × 24 | 46.79 | 0.42 |
Specimen 4_0.6 | 0.6 | 4 | 24 × 24 × 24 | 11.75 | 0.11 |
Specimen 4_0.8 | 0.8 | 4 | 24 × 24 × 24 | 19.73 | 0.18 |
Specimen 4_1 | 1 | 4 | 24 × 24 × 24 | 29.14 | 0.26 |
Specimen 5_0.6 | 0.6 | 5 | 25 × 25 × 25 | 8.73 | 0.07 |
Specimen 5_0.8 | 0.8 | 5 | 25 × 25 × 25 | 14.90 | 0.12 |
Specimen 5_1 | 1 | 5 | 25 × 25 × 25 | 22.30 | 0.18 |
Element | C | Cr | Ni | Mn | Mo | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS316L Powder | 0.014 | 17.5 | 11.5 | <2 | 2.3 | Balance |
SLM SS316L | - | 16.89 | 11.54 | 1.35 | 2.78 | Balance |
No. | A [MPa] | B [MPa] | n [-] | C [-] | m [-] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
316L manufactured additively [authors] | 542 | 303 | 0.293 | 0.028 | - |
SS 316L bulk [authors] | 304 | 1097 | 0.492 | 0.014 | - |
316L manufactured additively [93] | 380 | 825 | 0.726 | 0.115 | - |
316L manufactured additively [94] | 280 | 767 | 0.587 | - | - |
316L manufactured additively [95] | 310.8 | 881.38 | 0.178 | 0.19 | - |
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Płatek, P.; Sienkiewicz, J.; Janiszewski, J.; Jiang, F. Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Lattice Structures with Different Values of Relative Density Made from 316L by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Materials 2020, 13, 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092204
Płatek P, Sienkiewicz J, Janiszewski J, Jiang F. Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Lattice Structures with Different Values of Relative Density Made from 316L by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Materials. 2020; 13(9):2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092204
Chicago/Turabian StylePłatek, Paweł, Judyta Sienkiewicz, Jacek Janiszewski, and Fengchun Jiang. 2020. "Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Lattice Structures with Different Values of Relative Density Made from 316L by Selective Laser Melting (SLM)" Materials 13, no. 9: 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092204