Effect of Steel Surface Roughness and Expanded Graphite Condition on Sliding Layer Formation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surface Roughness
3.2. Physical Model of Sliding Layer Formation
4. Conclusions
- 1
- The initial roughness value of the steel surface working with expanded graphite affects the formation of the sliding layer and thus the roughness of the steel surface after testing. Increasing the initial roughness of the steel surface interacting with the graphite contributes to faster layer formation and reduced roughness. This is seen especially for the pins working with dry graphite.
- 2
- The state of the expanded graphite (dry or wet) influences the formation of the sliding layer of graphite—a wet graphite component causes a faster smoothing of the steel surface.
- 3
- The running time of the friction node has an effect on the resulting layer:
- -
- The transfer of material to the metal surface already occurs at static contact;
- -
- A significant increase in the surface roughness occurs after 5 min operation, especially for dry expanded graphite;
- -
- After 30 min of operation, samples interacting with moist expanded graphite have a lower roughness than before the test.
- 4
- Comparing the roughness groups selected for the study, it can be indicated that group III is the most favorable from the point of view of the formation of the sliding layer. In the case of this group, the roughness of the pins of the dry samples after 30 min of work dropped below the initial roughness. This phenomenon was not observed for groups I and II. On the other hand, the greatest decrease in the pin roughness occurred for the moist samples.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Shape | Dimensions (mm) | Hardness | Density (g/cm3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | acid resistant steel | countersunk pin | ϕ10 × 30 | 29–30 HRC | 7.8 |
Counter Sample | expandedgraphite | ring | ϕ60 × 40 × 10 | 20 HV0,05 | 1.6 |
Working Conditions | Rest | Movement | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(s) | (s) | (s) | (min) | (min) | (min) | |
Dry Sample | 30 | 10 | 30 | 5 | 15 | 30 |
Moist Sample |
Parameter/Roughness | Roughness Group | ||
---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | |
Ra[μm] | 1.41–1.64 | 2.31–2.62 | 3.21–3.62 |
Rz[μm] | 9.32–10.89 | 12.75–14.15 | 17.54–19.55 |
Conditions of Cooperation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rest/Movement Duration | Samples operating in dry conditions | Samples operating with moist rings | ||
Rest 30 s (1) | | | | |
Movement 10–60 s (2) | | | | |
Movement 5 min. (3) | | | | |
Movement 15–30 min. (4) | | | | |
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Rewolińska, A.; Perz, K.; Kinal, G. Effect of Steel Surface Roughness and Expanded Graphite Condition on Sliding Layer Formation. Materials 2021, 14, 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112960
Rewolińska A, Perz K, Kinal G. Effect of Steel Surface Roughness and Expanded Graphite Condition on Sliding Layer Formation. Materials. 2021; 14(11):2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112960
Chicago/Turabian StyleRewolińska, Aleksandra, Karolina Perz, and Grzegorz Kinal. 2021. "Effect of Steel Surface Roughness and Expanded Graphite Condition on Sliding Layer Formation" Materials 14, no. 11: 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112960