Changes in the Strength Properties and Phase Transition of Gypsum Modified with Microspheres, Aerogel and HEMC Polymer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- −
- the use of energy from alternative (renewable) sources:
- −
- the application of heat recovery systems;
- −
- the introduction of unconventional methods of obtaining, storing and converting energy.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Building Gypsum
2.1.2. Microspheres
2.1.3. Aerogel
2.1.4. HEMC Polymer
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Bending and Compressive Strength Tests
2.2.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3. Research Results and Analysis
- −
- endothermic transformation related to dehydration according to Equation (3):CaSO4·2H2O → β-CaSO4·1/2 H2O + 3/2H2O ↑
- −
- endothermic transformation related to dehydration according to Equation (4):β-CaSO4·1/2 H2O → β-CaSO4-III + 1/2H2O ↑
- −
- exothermic transformation related to phase transformation (5):β-CaSO4-III → β-CaSO4-II
4. Conclusions
- The obtained test results allow for the conclusion that the addition of different additives to gypsum causes a change in the gypsum’s resistance to compressive and bending forces. The most unfavorable effect on the bending strength of gypsum was the addition of 5% of microspheres, which caused a decrease in strength by 38.4%.
- The addition of 10% by mass of microspheres increased the compressive strength of the composite by 4%.
- A great advantage of using composites is the possibility of managing waste such as microspheres, which, when used in an optimal amount, improve the thermal properties and the compressive strength of the composites. The management of waste from combustion processes in power plants is of great pro-environmental importance.
- The use of differential scanning calorimetry in the studies of the gypsum containing different additives enabled the temperature and heat of phase transformations, as well as the specific heat of materials, to be determined. The effect of adding aerogel, microspheres or polymer into gypsum on the content of physically bound water, and thus on the value of transformation heat and thermal conductivity, was demonstrated.
- The use of the additives in the building gypsum caused water retention in the composite, which was observed as an increase in the surface area of the peak that is associated with the gypsum’s dehydration. The obtained DSC results also allow for the statement that there is an increase in resistance to high temperatures of composites modified with different additives.
- The DSC tests confirmed and supplemented the information that was obtained during the strength tests.
- The applied additives are very good materials that improve the thermal properties of the obtained gypsum composites. However, they reduce the bending and compressive strength of these composites.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Building Material | Relative Density d [kg·m−3] | Bulk Density dB [kg·m−3] | pH | Color | Appearance | Setting Time [min] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building gypsum | 2300 | 900 | 7–8 | grey | grey–yellow powder | 3 |
Properties of Microspheres | |
---|---|
Content of Al2O3 | 34–38% |
Content of Fe2O3 | 1–3% |
Content of SiO2 | 50–60% |
Content of K2O | 0.1–2% |
Content of CaO | 1–4% |
Content of MgO | 0.2–2% |
Content of TiO2 | 0.5–3% |
Melting temperature | Above 1600 °C |
Total mass | 0.378 g/cm3 |
Grain diameter | 150–300 μm |
Properties of Lumira LA1000 Aerogel | |
---|---|
Grain size range | 0.7–4 mm |
Pore diameter | ok. 20 nm |
Grain density | 120–150 km/m3 |
Bulk density | 65–85 kg/m3 |
Surface area | 600–800 m2/g |
Thermal conductivity | 18–23 mW/(m·K) |
Temperature at the Beginning of the Dehydration Process [°C] | Heat of Transformation [J/g] | Specific Heat [J/(g·K)] | Temperature at the Beginning of the Exothermic Transformation [°C] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gypsum | 117.1 | 542 | 17.981 | 436.8 |
Gypsum +5% microspheres | 126.6 | 546.1 | 23.056 | 436.8 |
Gypsum +10% microspheres | 128.6 | 517.0 | 21.184 | 429.1 |
Gypsum +15% microspheres | 128.1 | 523.3 | 21.032 | 441.8 |
Gypsum +0.5% HEMC | 125.1 | 568.8 | 19.439 | 383.2 |
Gypsum + 1% HEMC | 118.1 | 533.3 | 16.358 | 382.2 |
Gypsum +2% HEMC | 121.5 | 539.5 | 18.268 | 370.8 |
Gypsum +0.5% aerogel | 128.4 | 551.6 | 21.48 | 441.4 |
Gypsum +1% aerogel | 121.3 | 554.2 | 21.318 | 383 |
Gypsum +2% aerogel | 125.5 | 565.3 | 18.311 | 382.2 |
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Ciemnicka, J.; Prałat, K.; Koper, A.; Makomaski, G.; Majewski, Ł.; Wójcicka, K.; Buczkowska, K.E. Changes in the Strength Properties and Phase Transition of Gypsum Modified with Microspheres, Aerogel and HEMC Polymer. Materials 2021, 14, 3486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133486
Ciemnicka J, Prałat K, Koper A, Makomaski G, Majewski Ł, Wójcicka K, Buczkowska KE. Changes in the Strength Properties and Phase Transition of Gypsum Modified with Microspheres, Aerogel and HEMC Polymer. Materials. 2021; 14(13):3486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133486
Chicago/Turabian StyleCiemnicka, Justyna, Karol Prałat, Artur Koper, Grzegorz Makomaski, Łukasz Majewski, Karolina Wójcicka, and Katarzyna Ewa Buczkowska. 2021. "Changes in the Strength Properties and Phase Transition of Gypsum Modified with Microspheres, Aerogel and HEMC Polymer" Materials 14, no. 13: 3486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133486