Promotion of Bone Regeneration Using Bioinspired PLGA/MH/ECM Scaffold Combined with Bioactive PDRN
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Scaffold Preperation
2.3. Scaffold Characterization
2.4. Cell and Cytotoxicity Assay
2.5. Wound Healing Assay and Tubule Formation
2.6. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
2.7. Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro
2.8. Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Staining and Activity
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Scaffold Characterization
3.2. Biocompatibility of the Scaffold
3.3. Confirmation of Angigenic Ability
3.4. Biological Abilities of the PMEP Scaffold with hBMSCs: Anti-Inflammation and Angiogenesis
3.5. Induction of Osteogenesis in 3D Scaffold
3.6. Attenuation of Osteoclastogenesis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Murphy, C.M.; O’Brien, F.J.; Little, D.G.; Schindeler, A. Cell-scaffold interactions in the bone tissue engineering triad. Eur. Cell Mater. 2013, 26, 120–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moussa, N.T.; Dym, H. Maxillofacial Bone Grafting Materials. Dent. Clin. N. Am. 2020, 64, 473–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bernardi, S.; Macchiarelli, G.; Bianchi, S. Autologous Materials in Regenerative Dentistry: Harvested Bone, Platelet Concentrates and Dentin Derivates. Molecules 2020, 25, 5330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amini, A.R.; Wallace, J.S.; Nukavarapu, S.P. Short-term and long-term effects of orthopedic biodegradable implants. J. Long. Term Eff. Med. Implants 2011, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Koga, T.; Kumazawa, S.; Okimura, Y.; Zaitsu, Y.; Umeshita, K.; Asahina, I. Evaluation of PolyLactic-co-Glycolic Acid-Coated β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Substitute as a Graft Material for Ridge Preservation after Tooth Extraction in Dog Mandible: A Comparative Study with Conventional β-Tricalcium Phosphate Granules. Materials 2020, 13, 3452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lih, E.; Park, K.W.; Chun, S.Y.; Kim, H.; Kwon, T.G.; Joung, Y.K.; Han, D.K. Biomimetic Porous PLGA Scaffolds Incorporating Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Kidney Tissue Regeneration. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 21145–21154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lih, E.; Park, W.; Park, K.W.; Chun, S.Y.; Kim, H.; Joung, Y.K.; Kwon, T.G.; Hubbell, J.A.; Han, D.K. A Bioinspired Scaffold with Anti-Inflammatory Magnesium Hydroxide and Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Renal Tissue Regeneration. ACS Cent. Sci. 2019, 5, 458–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ko, K.-W.; Park, S.-Y.; Lee, E.H.; Yoo, Y.-I.; Kim, D.-S.; Kim, J.Y.; Kwon, T.G.; Han, D.K. Integrated Bioactive Scaffold with Polydeoxyribonucleotide and Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Kidney Regeneration. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 7575–7585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lih, E.; Kum, C.H.; Park, W.; Chun, S.Y.; Cho, Y.; Joung, Y.K.; Park, K.S.; Hong, Y.J.; Ahn, D.J.; Kim, B.S.; et al. Modified Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Inhibit the Inflammatory Response to Biodegradable Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Implants. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 6917–6925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, K.S.; Kim, B.J.; Lih, E.; Park, W.; Lee, S.H.; Joung, Y.K.; Han, D.K. Versatile effects of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles in PLGA scaffold-mediated chondrogenesis. Acta Biomater. 2018, 73, 204–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ko, K.W.; Choi, B.; Kang, E.Y.; Shin, S.W.; Baek, S.W.; Han, D.K. The antagonistic effect of magnesium hydroxide particles on vascular endothelial activation induced by acidic PLGA degradation products. Biomater. Sci. 2020, 9, 892–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bedair, T.M.; Lee, C.K.; Kim, D.S.; Baek, S.W.; Bedair, H.M.; Joshi, H.P.; Choi, U.Y.; Park, K.H.; Park, W.; Han, I.; et al. Magnesium hydroxide-incorporated PLGA composite attenuates inflammation and promotes BMP2-induced bone formation in spinal fusion. J. Tissue Eng. 2020, 11, 2041731420967591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Go, E.J.; Kang, E.Y.; Lee, S.K.; Park, S.; Kim, J.H.; Park, W.; Kim, I.H.; Choi, B.; Han, D.K. An osteoconductive PLGA scaffold with bioactive β-TCP and anti-inflammatory Mg(OH)2 to improve in vivo bone regeneration. Biomater. Sci. 2020, 8, 937–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, S.K.; Han, C.M.; Park, W.; Kim, I.H.; Joung, Y.K.; Han, D.K. Synergistically enhanced osteoconductivity and anti-inflammation of PLGA/β-TCP/Mg(OH)2 composite for orthopedic applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2019, 94, 65–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bianco, J.E.R.; Rosa, R.G.; Congrains-Castillo, A.; Joazeiro, P.P.; Waldman, S.D.; Weber, J.F.; Saad, S.T.O. Characterization of a novel decellularized bone marrow scaffold as an inductive environment for hematopoietic stem cells. Biomater. Sci. 2019, 7, 1516–1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chun, S.Y.; Lim, J.O.; Lee, E.H.; Han, M.-H.; Ha, Y.-S.; Lee, J.N.; Kim, B.S.; Park, M.J.; Yeo, M.; Jung, B.; et al. Preparation and Characterization of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix, Growth Factors, and Stem Cells: A Concise Review. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2019, 16, 385–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munir, A.; Døskeland, A.; Avery, S.J.; Fuoco, T.; Mohamed-Ahmed, S.; Lygre, H.; Finne-Wistrand, A.; Sloan, A.J.; Waddington, R.J.; Mustafa, K.; et al. Efficacy of copolymer scaffolds delivering human demineralised dentine matrix for bone regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. 2019, 10, 2041731419852703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baek, A.; Kim, Y.; Lee, J.W.; Lee, S.C.; Cho, S.R. Effect of Polydeoxyribonucleotide on Angiogenesis and Wound Healing in an In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis. Cell Transplant. 2018, 27, 1623–1633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bahreyni, A.; Khazaei, M.; Rajabian, M.; Ryzhikov, M.; Avan, A.; Hassanian, S.M. Therapeutic potency of pharmacological adenosine receptor agonist/antagonist in angiogenesis, current status and perspectives. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2018, 70, 191–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Squadrito, F.; Bitto, A.; Altavilla, D.; Arcoraci, V.; de Caridi, G.; de Feo, M.E.; Corrao, S.; Pallio, G.; Sterrantino, C.; Minutoli, L. The effect of PDRN, an adenosine receptor A2A agonist, on the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: Results of a clinical trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 99, E746–E753. [Google Scholar]
- Squadrito, F.; Bitto, A.; Irrera, N.; Pizzino, G.; Pallio, G.; Minutoli, L.; Altavilla, D. Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Use of PDRN. Front Pharmacol. 2017, 8, 224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Z.; Yan, X.; Yin, S.; Liu, L.; Liu, X.; Zhao, G.; Ma, W.; Qi, W.; Ren, Z.; Liao, H.; et al. Influence of the pore size and porosity of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI porous scaffold on cell proliferation, osteogenesis and bone ingrowth. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020, 106, 110289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ouyang, P.; Dong, H.; He, X.; Cai, X.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Li, H.; Jin, Z. Hydromechanical mechanism behind the effect of pore size of porous titanium scaffolds on osteoblast response and bone ingrowth. Mater. Des. 2019, 183, 108151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gianfreda, F.; Antonacci, D.; Raffone, C.; Muzzi, M.; Pistilli, V.; Bollero, P. Microscopic Characterization of Bioactivate Implant Surfaces: Increasing Wettability Using Salts and Dry Technology. Materials 2021, 14, 2608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subbiah, R.; Hwang, M.P.; Van, S.Y.; Do, S.H.; Park, H.; Lee, K.; Kim, S.H.; Yun, K.; Park, K. Osteogenic/angiogenic dual growth factor delivery microcapsules for regeneration of vascularized bone tissue. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2015, 4, 1982–1992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filipowska, J.; Tomaszewski, K.A.; Niedźwiedzki, Ł.; Walocha, J.A.; Niedźwiedzki, T. The role of vasculature in bone development, regeneration and proper systemic functioning. Angiogenesis 2017, 20, 291–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khojasteh, A.; Behnia, H.; Naghdi, N.; Esmaeelinejad, M.; Alikhassy, Z.; Stevens, M. Effects of different growth factors and carriers on bone regeneration: A systematic review. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol 2013, 116, e405–e423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palomino-Durand, C.; Lopez, M.; Marchandise, P.; Martel, B.; Blanchemain, N.; Chai, F. Chitosan/Polycyclodextrin (CHT/PCD)-Based Sponges Delivering VEGF to Enhance Angiogenesis for Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thellung, S.; Florio, T.; Maragliano, A.; Cattarini, G.; Schettini, G. Polydeoxyribonucleotides enhance the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts: Involvement of A2 purinergic receptor subtypes. Life Sci. 1999, 64, 1661–1674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Shao, J.-H. Effect of adenosine on three dimensional tube formation and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) in vitro. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2005, 21, 160–162. [Google Scholar]
- Galeano, M.; Bitto, A.; Altavilla, D.; Minutoli, L.; Polito, F.; Calò, M.; Lo Cascio, P.; Stagno d’Alcontres, F.; Squadrito, F. Polydeoxyribonucleotide stimulates angiogenesis and wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. Wound Repair Reg. 2008, 16, 208–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kampleitner, C.; Changi, K.; Felfel, R.M.; Scotchford, C.A.; Sottile, V.; Kluger, R.; Hoffmann, O.; Grant, D.M.; Epstein, M.M. Preclinical biological and physicochemical evaluation of two-photon engineered 3D biomimetic copolymer scaffolds for bone healing. Biomater. Sci. 2020, 8, 1683–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, R.; Bai, Y.; Dai, J.; Deng, M.; Zhao, C.; Tian, Z.; Zeng, F.; Liang, W.; Liu, L.; Dong, S. Engineered scaffolds based on mesenchymal stem cells/preosteoclasts extracellular matrix promote bone regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. 2020, 11, 2041731420926918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smieszek, A.; Seweryn, A.; Marcinkowska, K.; Sikora, M.; Lawniczak-Jablonska, K.; Witkowski, B.S.; Kuzmiuk, P.; Godlewski, M.; Marycz, K. Titanium Dioxide Thin Films Obtained by Atomic Layer Deposition Promotes Osteoblasts’ Viability and Differentiation Potential While Inhibiting Osteoclast Activity—Potential Application for Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration. Materials 2020, 13, 4817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blair, H.C. How the osteoclast degrades bone. Bioessays 1998, 20, 837–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, K.; Xia, L.; Li, H.; Jiang, X.; Pan, H.; Xu, Y.; Lu, W.W.; Zhang, Z.; Chang, J. Enhanced osteoporotic bone regeneration by strontium-substituted calcium silicate bioactive ceramics. Biomaterials 2013, 34, 10028–10042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tian, X.; Yuan, X.; Feng, D.; Wu, M.; Yuan, Y.; Ma, C.; Xie, D.; Guo, J.; Liu, C.; Lu, Z. In vivo study of polyurethane and tannin-modified hydroxyapatite composites for calvarial regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. 2020, 11, 2041731420968030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Group | Mg (ppm) | Ca (ppm) | P (ppm) | Water Contact Angle (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLGA | - | - | - | 104.59 ± 4.24 |
PLGA/mMH/bECM (PME) | 201.46 ± 0.93 | 270.44 ± 2.53 | 136.43 ± 0.94 | 93.99 ± 9.90 |
PLGA/mMH/bECM/PDRN (PMEP) | 195.44 ± 3.03 | 265.74 ± 5.75 | 151.20 ± 1.60 | 77.12 ± 4.49 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, D.-S.; Lee, J.-K.; Jung, J.-W.; Baek, S.-W.; Kim, J.H.; Heo, Y.; Kim, T.-H.; Han, D.K. Promotion of Bone Regeneration Using Bioinspired PLGA/MH/ECM Scaffold Combined with Bioactive PDRN. Materials 2021, 14, 4149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154149
Kim D-S, Lee J-K, Jung J-W, Baek S-W, Kim JH, Heo Y, Kim T-H, Han DK. Promotion of Bone Regeneration Using Bioinspired PLGA/MH/ECM Scaffold Combined with Bioactive PDRN. Materials. 2021; 14(15):4149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154149
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Da-Seul, Jun-Kyu Lee, Ji-Won Jung, Seung-Woon Baek, Jun Hyuk Kim, Yun Heo, Tae-Hyung Kim, and Dong Keun Han. 2021. "Promotion of Bone Regeneration Using Bioinspired PLGA/MH/ECM Scaffold Combined with Bioactive PDRN" Materials 14, no. 15: 4149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154149