The Influence of Different Plasma Cell Discharges on the Performance Quality of Surgical Gown Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Set-Up
2.1. System Preparations
2.2. Textile Preparations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Characteristics of Different Cathode Configurationtables
3.1.1. I–V Characteristics
3.1.2. Paschen Curves
- (i)
- The small gap discharge for OMSE, where plasma was confined above the cathode mesh, leading to a decrease of the ionization coefficient and to a higher recombination coefficient of Ar2+ (0.7 × 10−6 cm3/s), whereby argon molecules suffered inelastic collisions with energetic electrons, excitation, and ionization when entering the discharge [29].
- (ii)
- The collision frequency between electrons and neutral atoms or molecules in the gap discharge, which increased more for OMSE than for OMTSE [30].
- (iii)
- The large gap discharge in the OMTSE reactor between the cathode mesh with respect to the secondary anode electrode, where the ionization cross-section decreased, and electrons needed more energy to reach the secondary anode [31].
3.1.3. Current Density
3.1.4. Cathode Fall Thickness
3.2. The Influence of Different Cathode Configurations on the Surgical Gown
- (I)
- As seen in Section 3.1, the OMTSE current density ranged from 0.15 to 9.5 mA/cm2 for dc ranging from 0.22 to 0.27 cm, and the OMSE current density ranged from 0.44 to 3.01 mA/cm2 for dc ranging from 0.24 to 0.41 cm. The treatment efficiency was measured for the surgical gown surface in plasma over the mesh cathode at a distance equivalent to the cathode fall distance dc, and for a very short exposure time.
- (II)
- From our previous work with the same construction mentioned in [23], the ion velocity ranged from 1 to 3.5 km/s for OMSE, and from 4 to 22 km/s for OMTSE, while the ion density Ni per unit area for OMSE was in the range of 109 cm−3 and lower than that for OMTSE (in the range of 1010 cm−3).
3.2.1. Performance Quality of the Surgical Gown
- (i)
- The treatment processes of the surgical gown exposed to plasma are described as follows [39,40]: Electrons and ions formed because of the plasma discharge. The sample was initially negatively charged, relative to the plasma bulk, because of the higher mobility of the lighter electrons. Then, more electrons were repelled from the sample and the positive ions were accelerated toward it.
- (ii)
- The wettability of the modified surface decreased when decreasing the gas pressure, increasing the axial exposure distance (dc), and increasing the velocity of the penetrating species (ions, free electrons, neutral atoms, and molecules) on the textile surface [41]. This can be understood from Figure 8 and Figure 9 and Equation (2), where the cathode fall thickness increased with decreasing of the current density at low pressure, 1 mTorr.
- (iii)
- The treatment efficiency reaches a maximum in plasma in a very short exposure time [42]; the poor wettability and maximum water repellency properties for OMSE, more so than OMTSE may be due to the apparent increase in the pressure and the change of the laminar mode for OMSE to turbulent mode for OMTSE because of the long distance between the mesh and the secondary electrode.
- (i)
- (ii)
- The physical changes from the exposure to the plasma. These changes produce more reactive surfaces and affect wettability, as will be discussed in Section 3.3 [46].
3.2.2. Mechanical Properties
- (i)
- The mechanical properties of the surgical gown samples treated with plasma were more positively influenced in the OMSE reactor than in the OMTSE reactor.
- (ii)
- The use of plasma to treat the surgical gown samples increased the elasticity area, the stretch, and the strain percentages.
- (iii)
- The density and the energy of the positive ions emerging from the mesh and colliding with the surgical gown sample for OMSE were much greater than those for OMTSE. This can be attributed to the fact that there was a loss of energy for OMTSE due to (a) creation of a sheath around the mesh for OMTSE and (b) creation of dusty plasma due to more scattering in the longer distance between the mesh and the secondary electrode for OMTSE [52,53].
3.3. The Mechanisms of Plasma Interaction with Textile Surface
3.3.1. Interaction Type
3.3.2. Gas Type
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Units | Treated with OMTSE | Treated with OMSE | Untreated | Parameters | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KPa | 4.04 | 4.39 | 3.25 | stiffness | From A to B |
KPa | 320 | 340 | 225 | Yield strength | B |
KPa | 420 | 450 | 400 | ultimate tensile strength | C |
KPa | 100 | 110 | 175 | strain hardening | B–C |
% | 210 | 230 | 180 | elongation percent at breaking point | D |
J/m3 | 12,800 | 13,600 | 9000 | resilience | Area under the curve of the elastic region |
J/m3 | 54,675 | 58,675 | 51,695 | toughness | Area under the stress–strain curve up to fracture |
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Asghar, A.H.; Galaly, A.R. The Influence of Different Plasma Cell Discharges on the Performance Quality of Surgical Gown Samples. Materials 2021, 14, 4329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154329
Asghar AH, Galaly AR. The Influence of Different Plasma Cell Discharges on the Performance Quality of Surgical Gown Samples. Materials. 2021; 14(15):4329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154329
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsghar, Atif H., and Ahmed Rida Galaly. 2021. "The Influence of Different Plasma Cell Discharges on the Performance Quality of Surgical Gown Samples" Materials 14, no. 15: 4329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154329
APA StyleAsghar, A. H., & Galaly, A. R. (2021). The Influence of Different Plasma Cell Discharges on the Performance Quality of Surgical Gown Samples. Materials, 14(15), 4329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154329