Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization of a Quaternary Bioglass for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bioglass Synthesis
2.2. Thermal Treatment
2.2.1. XRD Characterization
2.2.2. FTIR Characterization
2.2.3. SEM Imaging
2.2.4. Specific Surface Area Analysis
2.2.5. SBF Immersion Assays
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bioglass Synthesis—Effect of Mixing Time
3.2. Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Relevant Properties of Bioactive Glass Samples
3.2.1. Crystalline Phase Assemblage
3.2.2. Specific Surface Area
3.2.3. Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms
3.2.4. Pore Size Distribution
3.3. Bioactivity Assessment through SBF Immersion Assays
3.3.1. XRD Patterns
3.3.2. FTIR Spectra
3.3.3. SEM Images
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Biggs, B.; King, L.; Basu, S.; Stuckler, D. Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America. Soc. Sci. Med. 2010, 71, 266–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clark, R. World health inequality: Convergence, divergence, and development. Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 72, 617–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galasso, V.; Profeta, P. The political economy of social security: A survey. Eur. J. Polit. Econ. 2002, 18, 1–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orlická, E. Impact of Population Ageing and Elderly Poverty on Macroeconomic Aggregates. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2015, 30, 598–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wilson, R.T.; Chase, G.A.; Chrischilles, E.A.; Wallace, R.B. Hip Fracture Risk Among Community-Dwelling Elderly People in the United States: A Prospective Study of Physical, Cognitive, and Socioeconomic Indicators. Am. J. Public Health 2006, 96, 1210–1218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ngugyen, T.V.; Eisman, J.A.; Kelly, P.J.; Sambroak, P.N. Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fractures in Elderly Men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996, 144, 255–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sen, M.K.; Miclau, T. Autologous iliac crest bone graft: Should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions? Injury 2007, 38, S75–S80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nandi, S.K.; Roy, S.; Mukherjee, P.; Kundu, B.; De, D.K.; Basu, D. Orthopaedic applications of bone graft & graft substitutes: A review. Indian J. Med. Res. 2010, 132, 15–30. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Greenwald, M.A.; Kuehnert, M.J.; Fishman, J.A. Infectious disease transmission during organ and tissue transplantation. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18, e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roseti, L.; Parisi, V.; Petretta, M.; Cavallo, C.; Desando, G.; Bartolotti, I.; Grigolo, B. Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the art and new perspectives. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2017, 78, 1246–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, J.R. Review of bioactive glass: From Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9, 4457–4486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohanty, M. Medical Applications of Alumina Ceramics. Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc. 1995, 54, 200–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahmati, M.; Mozafari, M. Biocompatibility of alumina-based biomaterials—A review. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019, 234, 3321–3335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, K.; Chen, J.; Peng, J.; Koppala, S.; Omran, M.; Chen, G. One-step preparation of CaO-doped partially stabilized zirconia from fused zirconia. Ceram. Int. 2020, 46, 6484–6490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manicone, P.F.; Rossi Iommetti, P.; Raffaelli, L. An overview of zirconia ceramics: Basic properties and clinical applications. J. Dent. 2007, 35, 819–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.-W.; Moussi, J.; Drury, J.L.; Wataha, J.C. Zirconia in biomedical applications. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 2016, 13, 945–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hench, L.L. Bioceramics: From Concept to Clinic. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1991, 74, 1487–1510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montazerian, M.; Dutra Zanotto, E. History and trends of bioactive glass-ceramics. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2016, 104, 1231–1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaur, G.; Pandey, O.P.; Singh, K.; Homa, D.; Scott, B.; Pickrell, G. A review of bioactive glasses: Their structure, properties, fabrication and apatite formation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2014, 102, 254–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hum, J.; Boccaccini, A.R. Bioactive glasses as carriers for bioactive molecules and therapeutic drugs: A review. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2012, 23, 2317–2333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ciraldo, F.E.; Boccardi, E.; Melli, V.; Westhauser, F.; Boccaccini, A.R. Tackling bioactive glass excessive in vitro bioreactivity: Preconditioning approaches for cell culture tests. Acta Biomater. 2018, 75, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gubler, M.; Brunner, T.J.; Zehnder, M.; Waltimo, T.; Sener, B.; Stark, W.J. Do bioactive glasses convey a disinfecting mechanism beyond a mere increase in pH? Int. Endod. J. 2008, 41, 670–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peitl, O.; Dutra Zanotto, E.; Hench, L.L. Highly bioactive P2O5–Na2O–CaO–SiO2 glass-ceramics. J. Non. Cryst. Solids 2001, 292, 115–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heimke, G.; Griss, P. Ceramic implant materials. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1980, 18, 503–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crovace, M.C.; Souza, M.T.; Chinaglia, C.R.; Peitl, O.; Zanotto, E.D. Biosilicate®—A multipurpose, highly bioactive glass-ceramic. In vitro, in vivo and clinical trials. J. Non. Cryst. Solids 2016, 432, 90–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Westhauser, F.; Hohenbild, F.; Arango-Ospina, M.; Schmitz, S.I.; Wilkesmann, S.; Hupa, L.; Moghaddam, A.; Boccaccini, A.R. Bioactive Glass (BG) ICIE16 Shows Promising Osteogenic Properties Compared to Crystallized 45S5-BG. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernandes, H.R.; Gaddam, A.; Rebelo, A.; Brazete, D.; Stan, G.E.; Ferreira, J.M.F. Bioactive Glasses and Glass-Ceramics for Healthcare Applications in Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering. Materials 2018, 11, 2530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Goel, A.; Kapoor, S.; Rajagopal, R.R.; Pascual, M.J.; Kim, H.-W.; Ferreira, J.M.F. Alkali-free bioactive glasses for bone tissue engineering: A preliminary investigation. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8, 361–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kapoor, S.; Semitela, Â.; Goel, A.; Xiang, Y.; Du, J.; Lourenço, A.H.; Sousa, D.M.; Granja, P.L.; Ferreira, J.M.F. Understanding the composition-structure-bioactivity relationships in diopside (CaO·MgO·2SiO2)-tricalcium phosphate (3CaO·P2O5) glass system. Acta Biomater. 2015, 15, 210–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cortez, P.P.; Brito, A.F.; Kapoor, S.; Correia, A.F.; Atayde, L.M.; Dias-Pereira, P.; Maurício, A.C.; Afonso, A.; Goel, A.; Ferreira, J.M.F. The in Vivo Performance of an Alkali-free Bioactive Glass for Bone Grafting, FastOs®BG, Assessed with an Ovine. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2017, 105, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellucci, D.; Sola, A.; Salvatori, R.; Anesi, A.; Chiarini, L.; Cannillo, V. Sol-gel derived bioactive glasses with low tendency to crystallize: Synthesis, post-sintering bioactivity and possible application for the production of porous scaffolds. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2014, 43, 573–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ben-Arfa, B.A.E.; Miranda Salvado, I.M.; Ferreira, J.M.F.; Pullar, R.C. A hundred times faster: Novel, rapid sol-gel synthesis of bio-glass nanopowders (Si-Na-Ca-P system, Ca:P = 1.67) without aging. Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci. 2017, 8, 337–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, H. Chemistry of material preparation by the sol-gel process. J. Non. Cryst. Solids 1988, 100, 51–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Popa, A.C.; Stan, G.E.; Husanu, M.A.; Mercioniu, I.; Santos, L.F.; Fernandes, H.R.; Ferreira, J.M.F. Bioglass implant-coating interactions in synthetic physiological fluids with varying degrees of biomimicry. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017, 12, 683–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dziadek, M.; Zagrajczuk, B.; Jelen, P.; Olejniczak, Z.; Cholewa-Kowalska, K. Structural variations of bioactive glasses obtained by different synthesis routes. Ceram. Int. 2016, 42, 14700–14709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agathopoulos, S.; Tulyaganov, D.U.; Ventura, J.M.G.; Kannan, S.; Karakassides, M.A.; Ferreira, J.M.F. Formation of hydroxyapatite onto glasses of the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system with B2O3, Na2O, CaF2 and P2O5 additives. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 1832–1840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aguiar, H.; Serra, J.; González, P.; León, B. Structural study of sol–gel silicate glasses by IR and Raman spectroscopies. J. Non. Cryst. Solids 2009, 355, 475–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bento, R.; Gaddam, A.; Ferreira, J.M.F. Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization of a Quaternary Bioglass for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering. Materials 2021, 14, 4515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164515
Bento R, Gaddam A, Ferreira JMF. Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization of a Quaternary Bioglass for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering. Materials. 2021; 14(16):4515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164515
Chicago/Turabian StyleBento, Ricardo, Anuraag Gaddam, and José M. F. Ferreira. 2021. "Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization of a Quaternary Bioglass for Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering" Materials 14, no. 16: 4515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164515