GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Curing Characteristics
3.2. Physico-Mechanical Properties of GTR/NBR/SiO2
3.3. FTIR Analysis
3.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.5. Acoustic Properties
3.6. SEM
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Abbreviation | Chemical Structure | Active Oxygen (%) * | The Half-Life Temperature (°C) * |
---|---|---|---|---|
di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene | BIB | 8.98 | 169 | |
dicumyl peroxide | DCP | 5.80 | 162 |
Components (phr) | Sample Code | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR/ NBR S | GTR/ NBR S/Si5 | GTR/ NBR S/Si15 | GTR/ NBR S/Si30 | GTR/ NBR DCP | GTR/ NBR DCP/Si5 | GTR/ NBR DCP/Si15 | GTR/ NBR DCP/Si30 | GTR/ NBR BIB | GTR/ NBR BIB/Si5 | GTR/ NBR BIB/Si15 | GTR/ NBR BIB/Si30 | |
GTR * | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
NBR | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Silica | - | 5 | 15 | 30 | - | 5 | 15 | 30 | - | 5 | 15 | 30 |
Zinc Oxide | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Stearic Acid | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sulfur | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
TMTD | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DCP | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
BIB | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Sample Code | Curing System | Curing Temp (°C) | Silica Content (phr) | Curing Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mmin. (dNm) | Mmax. (dNm) | ΔM (dNm) | ΔMSPEC (-) | t2 (min) | t90 (min) | CRI (min−1) | R300 (%) | ||||
GTR/NBRS | Sulfur based | 160 | 0 | 10.5 | 49.8 | 39.3 | - | 1.2 | 2.9 | 57.1 | 0.3 |
GTR/NBRS/Si5 | 5 | 14.9 | 52.0 | 37.1 | −0.07 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 68.0 | 0.6 | ||
GTR/NBRS/Si15 | 15 | 24.0 | 59.1 | 35.1 | −0.12 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 75.2 | 1.2 | ||
GTR/NBRS/Si30 | 30 | 45.6 | 75.3 | 29.7 | −0.40 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 62.1 | 1.8 | ||
GTR/NBRDCP | DCP | 180 | 0 | 14.9 | 38.1 | 23.2 | - | 1.1 | 3.4 | 43.1 | 2.6 |
GTR/NBRDCP/Si5 | 5 | 15.1 | 39.5 | 24.4 | 0.06 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 43.1 | 3.9 | ||
GTR/NBRDCP/Si15 | 15 | 27.3 | 54.6 | 27.3 | 0.18 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 39.2 | 2.3 | ||
GTR/NBRDCP/Si30 | 30 | 55.6 | 75.9 | 20.3 | −0.12 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 47.4 | 1.8 | ||
GTR/NBRBIB | BIB | 180 | 0 | 13.8 | 45.0 | 31.2 | - | 1.3 | 4.8 | 28.8 | 1.0 |
GTR/NBRBIB/Si5 | 5 | 16.3 | 49.3 | 33.0 | 0.06 | 1.5 | 5.1 | 27.5 | 1.0 | ||
GTR/NBRBIB/Si15 | 15 | 25.4 | 60.5 | 35.0 | 0.12 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 29.6 | 1.1 | ||
GTR/NBRBIB/Si30 | 30 | 54.3 | 82.8 | 28.5 | −0.09 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 31.3 | 1.1 |
Sample code | Curing System | Curing Temp (°C) | Silica Content (phr) | Physico-Mechanical Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Modulus at 100% (MPa) | Hardness (ShA) | Density at 25 °C (g/cm3) | Swelling Degree (%) | Cross-Link Density with Correction (mol/cm3 × 10−4) | Sol Fraction (%) | ||||
GTR/NBRS | Sulfur based | 160 | 0 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 168 ± 17 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 69 ± 1 | 1.14 ± 0.01 | 111 ± 1 | 1.72 ± 0.01 | 6.5 ± 0.1 |
GTR/NBRS/Si5 | 5 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 167 ± 19 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 69 ± 1 | 1.17 ± 0.01 | 107 ± 1 | 1.24 ± 0.01 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | ||
GTR/NBRS/Si15 | 15 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 162 ± 20 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 74 ± 2 | 1.20 ± 0.01 | 98 ± 1 | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | ||
GTR/NBRS/Si30 | 30 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 131 ± 21 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 81 ± 2 | 1.25 ± 0.01 | 84 ± 1 | 1.73 ± 0.05 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | ||
GTR/NBRDCP | DCP | 180 | 0 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 304 ± 12 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 54 ± 2 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 160 ± 1 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 8.7 ± 0.1 |
GTR/NBRDCP/Si5 | 5 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 333 ± 23 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 57 ± 1 | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 159 ± 4 | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 8.5 ± 0.3 | ||
GTR/NBRDCP/Si15 | 15 | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 313 ± 7 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 65 ± 1 | 1.15 ± 0.01 | 142 ± 4 | 0.73 ± 0.04 | 7.8 ± 0.2 | ||
GTR/NBRDCP/Si30 | 30 | 10.0 ± 1.0 | 240 ± 23 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 78 ± 1 | 1.21 ± 0.01 | 108 ± 3 | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | ||
GTR/NBRBIB | BIB | 180 | 0 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 237 ± 23 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 58 ± 1 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 147 ± 3 | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 8.6 ± 0.3 |
GTR/NBRBIB/Si5 | 5 | 6.8 ± 0.5 | 274 ± 12 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 61 ± 1 | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 138 ± 1 | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | ||
GTR/NBRBIB/Si15 | 15 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 281 ± 5 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 68 ± 1 | 1.15 ± 0.01 | 122 ± 1 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | ||
GTR/NBRBIB/Si30 | 30 | 10.2 ± 0.6 | 225 ± 25 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 81 ± 1 | 1.21 ± 0.01 | 96 ± 3 | 1.38 ± 0.09 | 5.9 ± 0.3 |
Sample | Mass Loss (%) | Char Residue at 750 °C (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T−2% | T−5% | T−10% | T−50% | ||
Temperature (°C) | |||||
GTR/NBRS/Si5 | 253.2 | 317.5 | 366.2 | 453.6 | 11.0 |
GTR/NBRDCP/Si5 | 237.2 | 317.5 | 366.3 | 453.8 | 7.7 |
GTR/NBRBIB/Si5 | 237.6 | 333.7 | 366.4 | 457.4 | 8.0 |
GTR/NBRS/Si30 | 253.6 | 325.9 | 366.4 | 470.2 | 25.4 |
GTR/NBRDCP/Si30 | 237.0 | 325.5 | 374.4 | 469.6 | 23.1 |
GTR/NBRBIB/Si30 | 237.4 | 325.8 | 374.6 | 473.9 | 23.6 |
Frequency (Hz) | Sample Code | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR/NBR S/Si5 | GTR/NBR DCP/Si5 | GTR/NBR BIB/Si5 | GTR/NBR S/Si30 | GTR/NBR DCP/Si30 | GTR/NBR BIB/Si30 | |
Sound Absorption Coefficient (α) | ||||||
500 | 0.08405 | 0.08376 | 0.08147 | 0.08266 | 0.08330 | 0.08282 |
1000 | 0.06136 | 0.05938 | 0.06085 | 0.06012 | 0.05929 | 0.05840 |
2000 | 0.01491 | 0.01344 | 0.01402 | 0.01360 | 0.01439 | 0.01292 |
4000 | 0.07988 | 0.07610 | 0.07809 | 0.07910 | 0.09323 | 0.07543 |
Average | 0.06005 | 0.05817 | 0.05861 | 0.05887 | 0.06255 | 0.05739 |
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Zedler, Ł.; Colom, X.; Cañavate, J.; Formela, K. GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides. Materials 2021, 14, 5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185345
Zedler Ł, Colom X, Cañavate J, Formela K. GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides. Materials. 2021; 14(18):5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185345
Chicago/Turabian StyleZedler, Łukasz, Xavier Colom, Javier Cañavate, and Krzysztof Formela. 2021. "GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides" Materials 14, no. 18: 5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185345