The Variable Frequency Conductivity of Geopolymers during the Long Agieng Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Sample Preparation
2.2. Conductivity Measurements
2.3. XRD Methods
2.4. Physical Sorption Analysis
2.5. Porosity
3. Results
3.1. Results of Conductivity Measurements
3.1.1. G8M
3.1.2. G10M
3.1.3. G12M
Value Describing | G8M | G10M | G12M | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Figure 2 Figure 7 Figure 12 | crossing curves frequency—Real (Y) | 68 Hz | 90 Hz | 68 Hz |
values of Real (Y) at 1 kHz (at time about 60 to 320 h) | 176–118 mS | 82–56 mS | 185–123 mS | |
values of Imag (Y) at 1 kHz (at time about 60 to 320 h) | 21–13.5 mS | 12–8.3 mS | 24.7–17.7 mS | |
Figure 3 Figure 8 Figure 13 | frequency of susceptance maximum peak—Imag (Y) (at time about 60 to 320 h) | 70–30 Hz | 100–50 Hz | 90–50 Hz |
Figure 6 Figure 11 Figure 16 | values of Real (Y) at frequency of susceptance maximum peak (at time about 60 to 320 h) | 68–32 mS | 44–28 mS | 95–65 mS |
Figure 6 Figure 11 Figure 16 | values of Imag (Y) at frequency of susceptance maximum peak (at time about 60 to 320 h) | 71–36 mS | 33–18 mS | 73–39 mS |
3.2. Results of XRD
3.3. Results of Porosity
3.4. Results of Physical Sorption Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide Composition [wt%] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | CaO | MgO | TiO2 | P2O2 | Na2O |
55.89 | 23.49 | 5.92 | 3.55 | 2.72 | 2.61 | 1.09 | 0.82 | 0.59 |
Sample No. | Aqueous NaOH [mL] + Aqueous Sodium Silicate (Water Glass) [mL] | Fly Ash [g] | Sand [g] |
---|---|---|---|
G8M | 120 + 120 | 1000 | 1000 |
G10M | 120 + 120 | 1000 | 1000 |
G12M | 120 + 120 | 1000 | 1000 |
Parameters | Components |
---|---|
Angular range: 9.999 ÷ 100°2Ѳ | Nickel filter on the lamp |
Measuring step: 0.0027166°2Ѳ | 13 mm mask |
Counting time: 340,425 s | Slot 1° |
Total measurement time: 13:02:32 | Blade in low position |
Temperature [°C] | Heating Speed [°/min] | Time of Degassing [min] |
---|---|---|
80 | 2 | 30 |
120 | 2 | 30 |
350 | 5 | 300 |
Sample No. | Percentage [%] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Quartz SiO2 ICDD PDF 01-070-3755 | Mullite Al6Si2O13 ICDD PDF 00-015-0776 | Albite NaAlSi3O8 ICDD PDF 01-080-3255 | Calcite CaCO3 ICDD PDF 00-003-0596 | |
G8M | 32.3 | 24.5 | 42.2 | 1.1 |
G10M | 54.8 | 18.3 | 26.8 | 0.1 |
G12M | 37.0 | 24.2 | 38.0 | 0.7 |
Sample No. | Total Porosity [%] | Interparticle Porosity [%] | Intraparticle Porosity [%] | Mercury Intrusion Porosity [%] | Pore Tortuosity | Solid Compressibility [m/N] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G8M | 29.8338 | 23.4095 | 6.4243 | 29.8338 | 1.8929 | 1.2476 × 10−10 |
G10M | 12.3247 | 3.1909 | 9.1338 | 12.3247 | 2.0907 | 6.9597 × 10−11 |
G12M | 9.0900 | 0.6878 | 8.4022 | 9.0900 | 2.1273 | 9.6314 × 10−11 |
Sample No. | Specific Surface Area [m2/g] | Pore Volume [cm3/g] | Pore Size [nm] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BET One-Point Method | BET Multi-Point Method | Total Pore Volume at a Single Point (P/P0 = 0.95) | BJH Pore Volume | DR Pore Volume | Average Pore Diameter | BJH Average Pore Diameter | DR Average Pore Diameter | |
G8M | 8.485 | 9.531 | 0.02640 | 0.02507 | 0.00325 | 11.08 | 17.429 | 1.636 |
G10M | 10.541 | 11.628 | 0.03204 | 0.03077 | 0.00409 | 11.02 | 12.325 | 1.676 |
G12M | 8.385 | 9.464 | 0.02382 | 0.02382 | 0.02289 | 10.07 | 12.368 | 1.763 |
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Walter, J.; Uthayakumar, M.; Balamurugan, P.; Mierzwiński, D. The Variable Frequency Conductivity of Geopolymers during the Long Agieng Period. Materials 2021, 14, 5648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195648
Walter J, Uthayakumar M, Balamurugan P, Mierzwiński D. The Variable Frequency Conductivity of Geopolymers during the Long Agieng Period. Materials. 2021; 14(19):5648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195648
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalter, Janusz, Marimuthu Uthayakumar, Ponnambalam Balamurugan, and Dariusz Mierzwiński. 2021. "The Variable Frequency Conductivity of Geopolymers during the Long Agieng Period" Materials 14, no. 19: 5648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195648