Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geometrical Attributes and Microstructure of Layers
3.2. Microhardness of Layers
4. Conclusions
- The dilution and aspect ratio of the deposited layer reduced and the wetting angle raised with the increase in scanning speed and focal length. Meanwhile, the increment of frequency caused a reduction in the height but increase in the depth of the deposited layer. Consequently, the dilution and wetting angle respectively increased and reduced. It was determined that increasing the laser scanning speed could prevent cracking by reducing the temperature gradient (thermal stress) as well as improving the macroscopic characteristics of the samples through reduction of the dilution.
- Porosity and defects due to lack of fusion were found at a high scanning speed and lower frequency that featured the wetting angle higher than 80°. This is because the low overlapping factors and insufficient laser energy density that applied to a larger area induced a reduction in diffusion depth and increased the wetting angle.
- The EDS results showed that the diffusion of elements from BM into a deposited layer and vice versa occurred to create a more uniform elements distribution. Furthermore, no particular secondary phase was found in the deposited zone at the BM-layer interface.
- Defect-free LMD layers possessing suitable geometrical attributes (wetting angle of 57° and dilution of 25.1%) and uniform distribution of microhardness property at the deposited layer and the surface (≈335 Hv) was achieved from a proper combination of laser scanning speed, focal length, and frequency of the LMD conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloys | Chemical Composition (wt %) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co | Cr | Si | W | Cu | Mn | Ni | Mo | C | Fe | |
17-4 PH (BM) | - | 15.80 | 0.44 | - | 3.85 | 0.28 | 3.77 | 0.21 | <0.10 | Bal. |
Stellite 6 (deposited layer) | Bal. | 28.87 | 1.00 | 4.31 | - | 0.49 | 2.41 | <1.00 | 1.20 | 2.95 |
Process Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Wavelength | 1064 nm |
Maximum Laser Peak Power | 7 Kw |
Nominal Laser Mean Power | 400 W |
Laser Mean Power | 200 W |
Pulse Shape | Square |
Pulse Duration | 5 ms |
Spatial Distribution | Gaussian |
Standoff Distance | 5 mm |
Flow Rate of Argon Gas | 10 L/min |
Sample No. | Experimental Samples | Scanning Speed (mm/min) | Focal Length (mm) | Spot Size (mm) | Frequency (Hz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | S-90-5-20 | 90 | 5 | ~0.5 | 20 |
2 | S-90-5-25 | 90 | 5 | ~0.5 | 25 |
3 | S-90-5.5-20 | 90 | 5.5 | ~0.6 | 20 |
4 | S-90-5.5-25 | 90 | 5.5 | ~0.6 | 25 |
5 | S-120-5-20 | 120 | 5 | ~0.5 | 20 |
6 | S-120-5-25 | 120 | 5 | ~0.5 | 25 |
7 | S-120-5.5-20 | 120 | 5.5 | ~0.6 | 20 |
8 | S-120-5.5-25 | 120 | 5.5 | ~0.6 | 25 |
Sample No. | Experimental Samples | Geometry Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D (%) | ζ | B (°) | Schematic Image | ||
1 | S-90-5-20 | 89.8 ± 1.0 | 35 ± 3.7 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | |
2 | S-90-5-25 | 100 ± 0 | - | 0 | |
3 | S-90-5.5-20 | 43.9 ± 1.1 | 10.5 ± 1.2 | 18.4 ± 1.8 | |
4 | S-90-5.5-25 | 75.3 ± 1.2 | 21 ± 2.4 | 6.9 ± 3.3 | |
5 | S-120-5-20 | 10.9 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 84.9 ± 3.7 | |
6 | S-120-5-25 | 35.3 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 41.1 ± 3.3 | |
7 | S-120-5.5-20 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 89.0 ± 6.1 | |
8 | S-120-5.5-20 | 25.1 ± 3.3 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 57.0 ± 4.9 |
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Pilehrood, A.E.; Mashhuriazar, A.; Baghdadi, A.H.; Sajuri, Z.; Omidvar, H. Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel. Materials 2021, 14, 5662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195662
Pilehrood AE, Mashhuriazar A, Baghdadi AH, Sajuri Z, Omidvar H. Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel. Materials. 2021; 14(19):5662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195662
Chicago/Turabian StylePilehrood, Ali Ebrahimzadeh, Amirhossein Mashhuriazar, Amir Hossein Baghdadi, Zainuddin Sajuri, and Hamid Omidvar. 2021. "Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel" Materials 14, no. 19: 5662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195662