Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF Processed 316 L at Cryogenic Temperature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties
3.2. Microstructures
3.3. Fractography
3.4. XRD Analysis
3.5. Nanoindentation Tests
4. Conclusions
- There was a significant increase in the yield and ultimate tensile strength at −196 °C compared to room temperature, on average 31% and 86%, respectively. However, the ductility remained at a reasonable level (over 40%) due to the existence of austenite.
- XRD results showed that no martensite formed during cooling to −196 °C or during tensile testing at room temperature. However, both ε and α martensite are detectable in cryogenic samples after tensile testing.
- Different martensite phases were indicated by a variation in the nanohardness values of the cryogenic samples, ranging from 3–9 GPa. The hardness values of the room temperature specimen 1 were in the range of 3–5 GPa.
- The microstructures of the −196 °C temperature specimens were different from that of the room temperature specimen. In addition to the melt pool boundaries, thin, parallel, and plate-like structures were observed, which could indicate martensite inside the grain boundaries in the cryogenic specimen.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N | Fe | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Powder | 0.014 | 1.69 | 0.70 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 17.8 | 2.38 | 12.5 | 0.09 | Bal | 165 ppm |
L-PBF | 0.008 | 1.43 | 0.49 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 18.04 | 2.59 | 11.77 | 0.074 | Bal | Not measured |
Processing Parameters | Contents |
---|---|
Powder size | 10–45 μm |
Building atmosphere | Argon |
Build direction | Horizontal |
Scanning speed | 900 mm/s |
Hatching distance | 0.06 mm |
Layer thickness | 30 μm |
Laser power | 195 W |
Scanning strategy | Meander |
Alloy | Test Temperature | YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Elongation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
316 L specimen 1 | Room Temperature | 570 | 660 | 51 |
316 L specimen 2 | Room Temperature | 594 | 689 | 49 |
316 L specimen 3 | −196 °C | 751 | 1403 | 41 |
316 L specimen 4 | −196 °C | 770 | 1113 | 16 |
Material | Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation % | Temperature Condition | Method | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
316 L | 554 | 685 | 36 | RT | L-PBF | [4] |
316 L | 590 | 700 | 36 | RT | L-PBF | [6] |
316 L | 450 | 640 | 59 | RT | L-PBF | [6] |
316 L | 499 | 564 | 35 | RT | L-PBF | [14] |
316 L | 726 | 1083 | 53 | 77K | L-PBF | [14] |
316 L | 314 | 1235 | 49 | 77K | Conventional | [15] |
316 L | 216 | 529 | 65 | RT | Conventional | [15] |
316 | 590 | 1196 | 33 | 113K | Conventional | [18] |
316 | 494 | 1328 | 38 | 113K | Conventional | [18] |
316 L | 220 | 520 | 40 | RT | Conventional | [32] |
316 L | 270 | 680 | 45 | RT | Conventional | [32] |
316 L | 663 | 685 | 25 | RT | L-PBF | [32] |
316 L | 602 | 664 | 30 | RT | L-PBF | [32] |
316 L | 557 | 591 | 42 | RT | L-PBF | [32] |
316 L | 555 | 684 | 50.7 | RT | L-PBF | [34] |
316 L | 561 | 688 | 50.9 | RT | L-PBF | [34] |
316 L | 487 | 594 | 49 | RT | L-PBF | [35] |
316 L | 456 | 703 | 45 | RT | L-PBF | [36] |
316 L | 496 | 717 | 28 | RT | L-PBF | [37] |
316 L | 345 | 563 | 30 | RT | Conventional | [37] |
316L | 310 | 620 | 30 | RT | Conventional | [38] |
316L | 468 | 600 | 33 | RT | Conventional | [39] |
Alloy | HV0.1 |
---|---|
Specimen 1 (RT) | 651 ± 19 |
Specimen 3 (−196 °C) | 1046 ± 87 |
Specimen 4 (−196 °C) | 735 ± 69 |
Specimen 5 (As-built condition) | 439 ± 27 |
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Mishra, P.; Åkerfeldt, P.; Forouzan, F.; Svahn, F.; Zhong, Y.; Shen, Z.J.; Antti, M.-L. Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF Processed 316 L at Cryogenic Temperature. Materials 2021, 14, 5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195856
Mishra P, Åkerfeldt P, Forouzan F, Svahn F, Zhong Y, Shen ZJ, Antti M-L. Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF Processed 316 L at Cryogenic Temperature. Materials. 2021; 14(19):5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195856
Chicago/Turabian StyleMishra, Pragya, Pia Åkerfeldt, Farnoosh Forouzan, Fredrik Svahn, Yuan Zhong, Zhijian James Shen, and Marta-Lena Antti. 2021. "Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF Processed 316 L at Cryogenic Temperature" Materials 14, no. 19: 5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195856