Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- Polyether polyol with a brand name of Stapanpol PS-2352 was purchased from Stepan Company (Northfield, IL, USA),
- Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate with a brand name of Purocyn B was purchased from Purinova Company (Bydgoszcz, Poland).
- Potassium octoate with a brand name of Kosmos 75 and potassium acetate with a brand name of Kosmos 33 were purchased from Evonik Industry (Essen, Germany),
- Silicone-based surfactant with a brand name of Tegostab B8513 was purchased from Evonik Industry (Essen, Germany),
- Pentane, cyclopentane, sodium hydroxide (pellets, anhydrous), kaolinite (aluminum silicate, powder), hydroxyapatite (nanopowder, <200 nm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Saint Louis, MO, USA)
- Lavender residue was obtained from a local company (Lodz, Poland).
2.2. Methods and Instruments
2.3. Filler Functionalization and Production Process of PUR Composites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Filler Characterization
3.2. PUR Composites Characterization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | PUR_REF | PUR_L | PUR_L_K | PUR_L_HA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parts by Weight (wt.%) | ||||
STEPANPOL PS-2352 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
PUROCYN B | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 |
Kosmos 75 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Kosmos 33 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Tegostab B8513 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Water | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Pentane/cyclopentane | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
Lavender non-functionalized | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Lavender functionalized with Kaolinite (K) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Lavender functionalized with Hydroxyapatite (HA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
PUR_REF | PUR_L | PUR_L_K | PUR_L_HA | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamic viscosity at 10 rpm (mPa·s) | 860 ± 7 | 1215 ± 9 | 1015 ± 8 | 1050 ± 6 |
Cream time (s) | 40 ± 4 | 56 ± 2 | 49 ± 2 | 48 ± 3 |
Expansion time (s) | 268 ± 3 | 335 ± 8 | 315 ± 6 | 310 ± 4 |
Tack-free time (s) | 345 ± 5 | 330 ± 9 | 310 ± 7 | 315 ± 8 |
Cell size (µm) | 485 ± 6 | 470 ± 5 | 450 ± 6 | 455 ± 7 |
Closed-cell content (%) | 87.2 ± 0.7 | 85.4 ± 0.5 | 87.9 ± 0.6 | 88.2 ± 0.4 |
Apparent density (kg m−3) | 36.8 ± 0.8 | 37.4 ± 0.7 | 38.9 ± 0.5 | 38.6 ± 0.5 |
Sample | Tmax (°C) | Residue (at 600 °C) (wt.%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Stage | 2nd Stage | 3rd Stage | ||
PUR_REF | 220 | 322 | 580 | 28.0 |
PUR_L | 222 | 325 | 585 | 30.0 |
PUR_L_K | 220 | 334 | 590 | 33.1 |
PUR_L_HA | 235 | 335 | 592 | 35.2 |
Sample | Bacteria | Fungi | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | S. aureus | B. subtilis | C. albicans | A. niger | |
PUR_REF | − | − | − | − | − |
PUR_L | + | + | + | − | - |
PUR_L_K | + | + | + | - | - |
PUR_L_HA | + | + | + | - | - |
Sample | IT (s) | pHRR (kW m−2) | TSR (m2 m−2) | THR (MJ m−2) | COY (kg kg−1) | CO2Y (kg kg−1) | COY/CO2Y (−) | LOI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUR_REF | 4 | 263 | 1500 | 21.5 | 0.210 | 0.240 | 0.875 | 20.2 |
PUR_L | 4 | 203 | 1400 | 21.1 | 0.190 | 0.225 | 0.844 | 20.5 |
PUR_L_K | 6 | 144 | 1060 | 20.5 | 0.140 | 0.190 | 0.736 | 22.2 |
PUR_L_HA | 6 | 130 | 1055 | 19.8 | 0.142 | 0.180 | 0.788 | 22.7 |
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Członka, S.; Kairytė, A.; Miedzińska, K.; Strąkowska, A. Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. Materials 2021, 14, 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020415
Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A. Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. Materials. 2021; 14(2):415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020415
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzłonka, Sylwia, Agnė Kairytė, Karolina Miedzińska, and Anna Strąkowska. 2021. "Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite" Materials 14, no. 2: 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020415
APA StyleCzłonka, S., Kairytė, A., Miedzińska, K., & Strąkowska, A. (2021). Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. Materials, 14(2), 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020415