Elucidating the Effect of Step Cooling Heat Treatment on the Properties of 2.25 Cr–1.0 Mo Steel Welded with a Combination of GMAW Techniques Incorporating Metal-Cored Wires
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macrostructure Analysis
3.2. Examining Temper Embrittlement Susceptibility
3.3. Microstructural Analysis
3.4. Toughness and DBTT Values
3.5. Hardness Variation
4. Conclusions
- The weld macrostructures indicated a sound fusion without any evident defects such as lack of fusion or porosity. This established the weld parameters for the hybrid welding of 2.25 Cr–1.0 Mo using RMD and GMAW with metal-cored wires;
- Bruscato X-factor values of 15.4 indicated marginal chances of temper embrittlement. This was owing to the presence of a higher amount of impurity elements in the metal-cored wires;
- The weld microstructures showed evident colonial structures indicating a tempered martensitic structure with optimum hardness and requisite impact toughness;
- The impact toughness values of the weldment after PWHT and SCHT were found nearly similar, eliminating the chances of detrimental effects of SCHT;
- The EDX analysis indicated the presence of sulfur near the grain boundaries which might have been segregated due to SCHT. This also justifies the slightly higher X factor and it can be proposed from the study that the temper embrittlement phenomenon had might just be triggered due to a single SCHT;
- The DBTT curves indicted that the transition temperatures value was −37° C for the SCHT weldment which is well below the room temperature which hints at the safe operation of the equipment;
- The hardness variations across the weldment including HAZ were found to be fairly equal and their values were well below the acceptable values;
- The study introduces the prospect of using metal-cored wires for extreme service conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
API | American Petroleum Institute |
ASTM | American Society of Testing of Materials |
Cr–Mo | Chrome–molybdenum steels |
DBTT | Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature |
EDX | Energy dispersive X-ray |
FCAW | Flux-cored arc welding |
GMAW | Gas metal arc welding |
HAZ | Heat-affected zone |
MCAW | Metal-cored arc welding |
PWHT | Post-weld heat treatment |
RMD | Regulated metal deposition |
SCHT | Step cooling heat treatment |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
SMAW | Shielded metal arc welding |
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Content (% wt.) | Megafil 237M | Base metal 2.25 Cr–1.0 Mo |
---|---|---|
C | 0.07 | 0.10 |
Mn | 1.0 | 0.45 |
P | 0.015 | 0.025 |
S | 0.015 | 0.025 |
Si | 0.3 | 0.50 |
Cr | 2.3 | 2.25 |
Mo | 1.1 | 1.00 |
Parameter | RMD | GMAW |
---|---|---|
Current (A) | 114–126 | 130–165 |
Voltage (V) | 15–16 | 20–23 |
Feed speed of wire (in/min) | 120 | 180–215 |
Welding Time (sec) | 337 | 190–310 |
Travel speed (mm/min) | 106 | 120–190 |
Heat input (kJ/mm) | 1.05 | 1.18–1.60 |
Shielding gas | 90% Ar–10% CO2 | 90% Ar–10% CO2 |
Gas flow rate (lpm) | 18–20 | 18–20 |
Position | Manual (1G) | Manual (1G) |
Testing | PWHT | SCHT |
---|---|---|
Macrostructure | ✓ | ------- |
Chemical analysis | ------- | ✓ |
Impact toughness | ✓ | ✓ |
Microstructure | ✓ | ✓ |
Hardness | ------- | ✓ |
Element | C | S | P | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | V | Sb | Sn | Ar |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result (ppm) | 730 | 130 | 130 | 9550 | 4960 | 23,600 | 180 | 10,100 | 990 | 120 | 20 | 30 | 20 |
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Das, S.; Vora, J.; Patel, V.; Andersson, J.; Pimenov, D.Y.; Giasin, K. Elucidating the Effect of Step Cooling Heat Treatment on the Properties of 2.25 Cr–1.0 Mo Steel Welded with a Combination of GMAW Techniques Incorporating Metal-Cored Wires. Materials 2021, 14, 6033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206033
Das S, Vora J, Patel V, Andersson J, Pimenov DY, Giasin K. Elucidating the Effect of Step Cooling Heat Treatment on the Properties of 2.25 Cr–1.0 Mo Steel Welded with a Combination of GMAW Techniques Incorporating Metal-Cored Wires. Materials. 2021; 14(20):6033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206033
Chicago/Turabian StyleDas, Subhash, Jay Vora, Vivek Patel, Joel Andersson, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, and Khaled Giasin. 2021. "Elucidating the Effect of Step Cooling Heat Treatment on the Properties of 2.25 Cr–1.0 Mo Steel Welded with a Combination of GMAW Techniques Incorporating Metal-Cored Wires" Materials 14, no. 20: 6033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206033