Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells’ Osteo-Differentiation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Material
2.2. Surface Modification Process
2.3. Surface Characterization
2.4. In Vitro Cellular Evaluation
2.4.1. Cell Culture
2.4.2. Metabolic Activity Determination
2.4.3. Osteogenic Differentiation of hMSCs
2.4.4. Fluorescence Staining of Cells and Microscopy
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Surface Observation
3.2. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) Analysis
3.3. Surface Roughness Measurement Evaluation
3.4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Observation Results
3.5. Biocompatibility and Osteoinductivity Evaluation
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The obtained results confirmed that the energy directly influences the surface chemistry, morphology and roughness parameters, which determine their biocompatibility and osteoinductivity.
- (2)
- It was indicated that the introduction of a lower energy amount (ET = 0.5 mJ) into the workpiece material resulted in a surface profile with a few wide and high peaks with rugged surface and a few low and wide valleys and higher peaks—Surface A.
- (3)
- The profile that consists of relatively a lot of narrow (sharp) peaks and low valleys, with the valleys dominating over the peaks, was documented when a higher level of energy was used (ET = 5 mJ)—Surface B.
- (4)
- The in vitro analysis using hMSCs revealed that the surface produced by applying the lower level of incident energy promotes cells’ growth and osteo-differentiation, when compared with the surface machined using higher energy level.
- (5)
- It was confirmed that skewness, kurtosis and width of the surface profile elements are important variables influencing hMSCs growth and osteo-differentiation.
- (6)
- The adhesion and proliferation behavior of cells on the surface is the result of a complex interaction of many variables, and therefore, the surface energy of the laser-modified surfaces, in relation to surface profiles and chemistry, will be investigated in more detail in further studies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Wavelength of laser radiation λ | 1064 nm |
Pulse duration τ | 120 ns |
Spot diameter D | 50 µm |
Transvers pulse distance (line-to-line distance) DT | 10 µm |
Transvers pulse overlap (line-to-line overlap) OT | 80% |
Ablated layers | 2 |
Argon flow rate | 10 L·min−1 |
Surface | Output Power (W) | f (Hz) | vs (mm·s−1) | DL (µm) | OL (%) | N (-) | ET (mJ) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 4 | 20 | 2000 | 100 | no overlapping | 2.5 | 0.5 |
B | 20 | 100 | 1000 | 10 | 80 | 25 | 5 |
Element (wt. %) | As-Received Surface | Surface A | Surface B |
---|---|---|---|
Ti | 86.35 ± 0.06 | 84.32 ± 0.56 | 75.18 ± 0.56 |
C | 8.15 ± 0.07 | 8.58 ± 0.22 | 9.52 ± 0.28 |
O | 5.51 ± 0.02 | 7.10 ± 0.35 | 15.30 ± 0.30 |
Roughness Parameter | Surface A | Surface B |
---|---|---|
Ra (µm) | 2.95 ± 0.16 | 2.85 ± 0.08 |
Rsk (-) | 0.11 ± 0.08 | −0.40 ± 0.21 |
Rku (-) | 2.57 ± 0.13 | 3.34 ± 0.56 |
RSm (µm) | 91.62 ± 4.39 | 81.78 ± 3.61 |
Rmr (%) | 2.80 ± 1.45 | 8.80 ± 6.07 |
Roughness Parameter | F-Value | p-Value | R2 | Pooled SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ra | 1.36 | 0.277 | 14.54 | 0.143 |
Rsk | 22.17 | 0.002 ** | 73.48 | 0.173 |
Rku | 7.30 | 0.049 * | 41.19 | - |
RSm | 12.00 | 0.009 ** | 60.01 | 4.49 |
Rmr | 3.70 | 0.120 | 23.6 | - |
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Šugár, P.; Ludrovcová, B.; Kalbáčová, M.H.; Šugárová, J.; Sahul, M.; Kováčik, J. Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells’ Osteo-Differentiation. Materials 2021, 14, 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206067
Šugár P, Ludrovcová B, Kalbáčová MH, Šugárová J, Sahul M, Kováčik J. Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells’ Osteo-Differentiation. Materials. 2021; 14(20):6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206067
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠugár, Peter, Barbora Ludrovcová, Marie Hubálek Kalbáčová, Jana Šugárová, Martin Sahul, and Jaroslav Kováčik. 2021. "Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells’ Osteo-Differentiation" Materials 14, no. 20: 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206067