Shear Strength of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete Beams under Flexure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Programme
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions for TGPC
2.3. Specimen Details
2.4. Mixing, Casting and Curing Procedure
2.5. Testing
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Load–Deformation Characteristics
3.2. Cracking Behaviour and Failure Modes
3.3. Ultimate Shear Strength
4. Design Equations Available in the Literature for Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members
4.1. Ashour et al.
- Modification of ACI building code equation:
- Modification of Zutty’s equation:
4.2. Kwak et al.
4.3. Li et al.
4.4. Narayanan and Darwish
4.5. Sharma
5. Conclusions
- The addition of hybrid fibres in TGPC beams modified the cracking pattern and failure from shear to flexure.
- Due to hybrid fibres, the first crack load and ultimate shear strength of HTGPC beams were improved by up to 85% and 38.5%, respectively, compared to the TGPC beams.
- HTGPC specimens with a combination of 1% steel fibres and 0.15% polypropylene fibres showed better results and suffered higher deflections, indicating a relative increase in ductility compared with other specimens.
- A method for predicting the ultimate shear strength for HTGPC was proposed to account for the effect of hybrid fibres in TGPC. The predicted values of the ultimate shear strength were found to compare convincingly with the experimental test results.
- The modified equation for predicting the shear strength of HTGPC beams limits up to 1% steel and 0.25% polypropylene fibres. The obtained test results will be helpful in the rational design of HTGPC beams.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
ρ | percentage of reinforcement in tension |
ηbs | bond factor for steel fibre |
ηbp | bond factor for polypropylene fibre |
a | shear span |
d | effective depth of beam |
dp | diameter of polypropylene fibre |
ds | diameter of steel fibre |
e | arch action factor |
fct | tensile strength of concrete |
f’c | cylinder compressive strength |
ff | flexural strength of concrete |
Afs | aspect ratio of steel fibre |
Afp | aspect ratio of polypropylene fibre |
Fs | fibre factor |
Vs | volume fraction of steel fibres |
Vp | volume fraction of polypropylene fibres |
Vu | ultimate shear strength |
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Materials | Quantity, kg/m3 |
---|---|
Fly ash | 237.47 |
GGBS | 122.61 |
Metakaolin | 64.53 |
Coarse aggregate | 1293.60 |
Fine aggregate | 554.40 |
NaOH solution | 36.40 |
Na2SiO3 | 90.99 |
Superplasticizer | 6.37 |
Water | 84.92 |
Nominal Diameter of Bar, mm | Actual Diameter of Bar, Mm | Yield Strength, MPa | Ultimate Strength, MPa | Modulus of Elasticity, GPa |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 9.97 | 534 | 584 | 244 |
6 | 6.09 | 526 | 578 | 232 |
Specimen | Volume Fraction, % | Compressive Strength, MPa | Split Tensile Strength, MPa | Flexural Strength, MPa | First Crack Load, kN | Ultimate Load, kN | Deflection at Ultimate Load, mm | Ultimate Shear Strength, MPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vs | Vp | ||||||||
TGPC | 0 | 0 | 57.23 | 4.72 | 5.62 | 14 | 39 | 3.82 | 2.60 |
HTGPC1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 61.47 | 6.00 | 6.48 | 16 | 44 | 4.74 | 2.93 |
HTGPC2 | 0.15 | 61.77 | 6.12 | 6.52 | 18 | 46 | 4.86 | 3.07 | |
HTGPC3 | 0.2 | 61.21 | 6.25 | 6.54 | 19 | 47 | 5.04 | 3.13 | |
HTGPC4 | 0.25 | 62.23 | 6.37 | 6.58 | 18 | 45 | 4.56 | 3.00 | |
HTGPC5 | 1 | 0.1 | 66.93 | 6.27 | 7.76 | 25 | 52 | 6.82 | 3.47 |
HTGPC6 | 0.15 | 65.77 | 6.32 | 7.85 | 26 | 54 | 8.52 | 3.60 | |
HTGPC7 | 0.2 | 64.09 | 6.48 | 7.80 | 24 | 53 | 7.26 | 3.47 | |
HTGPC8 | 0.25 | 64.80 | 6.56 | 7.71 | 23 | 50 | 6.63 | 3.33 |
Specimen | Vu(exp), MPa | Vu(the), MPa | Vu(exp)/Vu(the) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ashour et al.-I | Ashour et al.-II | Kwak et al. | Li et al. | Narayanan and Darwish | Sharma | Ratio | Ratio | Ratio | Ratio | Ratio | Ratio | ||
i | ii | iii | iv | v | vi | vii | i/ii | i/iii | i/iv | i/v | i/vi | i/vii | |
TGPC | 2.60 | 1.62 | 1.23 | 1.76 | 2.86 | 1.38 | 2.17 | 1.60 | 2.12 | 1.47 | 0.91 | 1.89 | 1.20 |
HTGPC1 | 2.93 | 2.58 | 1.71 | 2.55 | 3.12 | 2.29 | 2.54 | 1.14 | 1.72 | 1.15 | 0.94 | 1.28 | 1.15 |
HTGPC2 | 3.07 | 2.76 | 1.80 | 2.69 | 3.15 | 2.45 | 2.59 | 1.11 | 1.71 | 1.14 | 0.97 | 1.25 | 1.18 |
HTGPC3 | 3.13 | 2.92 | 1.88 | 2.83 | 3.18 | 2.63 | 2.67 | 1.07 | 1.67 | 1.11 | 0.98 | 1.19 | 1.17 |
HTGPC4 | 3.00 | 3.10 | 1.97 | 3.04 | 3.30 | 2.86 | 2.86 | 0.97 | 1.52 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 1.05 |
HTGPC5 | 3.47 | 3.22 | 2.03 | 3.15 | 3.44 | 2.97 | 3.02 | 1.08 | 1.71 | 1.10 | 1.01 | 1.17 | 1.15 |
HTGPC6 | 3.60 | 3.37 | 2.11 | 3.28 | 3.45 | 3.12 | 3.05 | 1.07 | 1.71 | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 1.18 |
HTGPC7 | 3.47 | 3.52 | 2.18 | 3.48 | 3.53 | 3.36 | 3.25 | 0.98 | 1.59 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.07 |
HTGPC8 | 3.33 | 3.70 | 2.27 | 3.62 | 3.57 | 3.52 | 3.30 | 0.90 | 1.47 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 1.01 |
Average | 1.10 | 1.69 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 1.22 | 1.13 | |||||||
Coefficient of variation (%) | 18.4 | 10.9 | 14.2 | 4.76 | 22.4 | 6.14 |
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Sathish Kumar, V.; Ganesan, N.; Indira, P.V. Shear Strength of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete Beams under Flexure. Materials 2021, 14, 6634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216634
Sathish Kumar V, Ganesan N, Indira PV. Shear Strength of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete Beams under Flexure. Materials. 2021; 14(21):6634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216634
Chicago/Turabian StyleSathish Kumar, V., N. Ganesan, and P. V. Indira. 2021. "Shear Strength of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete Beams under Flexure" Materials 14, no. 21: 6634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216634