Enabling Intelligent Recovery of Critical Materials from Li-Ion Battery through Direct Recycling Process with Internet-of-Things
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Challenges in the Material Supply Chain of LIBs
3. Direct Recycling of the LIBs and Its Impact on Supply Chain
4. The Development and Application of the Internet-of-Things
4.1. Overview of the IoT
4.2. The Application of IoT in Industry
4.3. Blockchain and Its Integration with IoT (BIoT)
5. The IoT Enhanced Direct Recycling Process for LIB
5.1. The Application of IoT Devices in Different LIB Direct Recycling Processes
5.2. The Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Direct Recycling of LIBs
5.3. Proposed Paradigm
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrode | Element | Weight Percent (kg/kWh) | Cost Percent (USD/kWh) | Mine Production and Supply Information Worldwide |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cathode | Cobalt | 0.22 | 40.77 | 14,800 tons: 60% Congo (Kinshasa) |
Nickel | 0.55 | 2,400,000 tons: 25% Indonesia, 15% Philippines | ||
Manganese | 0.31 | 18,900 tons: 31% South Africa, 18% Australia | ||
Lithium | 0.13 | 95,000 tons: 62% Australia, 18% Chile | ||
Aluminum | 0.22 | 0.03 | 63,600 tons: 56% China | |
Anode | Copper | 0.46 | 0.08 | 20,400 tons: 29% Chile, 12% Peru |
Graphite | 1.1 | 20.43 | 1,120,000 tons: 62% China |
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Lu, Y.; Han, X.; Li, Z. Enabling Intelligent Recovery of Critical Materials from Li-Ion Battery through Direct Recycling Process with Internet-of-Things. Materials 2021, 14, 7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237153
Lu Y, Han X, Li Z. Enabling Intelligent Recovery of Critical Materials from Li-Ion Battery through Direct Recycling Process with Internet-of-Things. Materials. 2021; 14(23):7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237153
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Yingqi, Xu Han, and Zheng Li. 2021. "Enabling Intelligent Recovery of Critical Materials from Li-Ion Battery through Direct Recycling Process with Internet-of-Things" Materials 14, no. 23: 7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237153