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Article

Investigation of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Powders Obtained by Atomization

by
Anna Kuś
1,*,
Wirginia Pilarczyk
2,
Aleksandra Małachowska
1,
Andrzej Ambroziak
1 and
Piotr Gębara
3
1
Faculty of Mechanical Enginerging, Wrocław Universtity of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
3
Department of Physics, Częstochowa Universtity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(23), 7357; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237357
Submission received: 5 October 2021 / Revised: 18 November 2021 / Accepted: 22 November 2021 / Published: 30 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Formation and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Glasses)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Properties of Co-based alloys with high Glass Forming Ability (GFA) in the form of powder are still not widely known. However, powders of high GFA alloys are often used for the development of bulk metallic glasses by additive manufacturing. In this work Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at. and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at. were developed by gas-atomization. Obtained powders in size 50–80 µm were annealed at Tg and Tx of each alloy. Then SEM observation, EDS analyses, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, Mössbauer, and magnetic properties research was carried out for as-atomized and annealed states. The gas atomization method proved to be an efficient method for manufacturing Co-based metallic glasses. The obtained powder particles were spherical and chemically homogeneous. Annealing resulted in an increase of mechanical properties such as hardness and the elastic module of Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1%, which was caused by crystallization. The magnetic study shows that Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 are soft magnetic and semi-hard magnetic materials, respectively.

1. Introduction

Amorphous alloys are a specific group of metal alloys in which the structure of the atoms that build solid-state objects is arranged without repeating the long-range order [1,2]. To obtain that state, the melted alloy needs to be cooled at a speed higher than the critical cooling rate. This cooling stops dynamic atom diffusion and enables the development of an amorphous solid-state structure of a metal alloy [3].
One of the methods that ensure cooling with a high enough speed is the gas atomization shown in Figure 1. Researchers [3,4,5] proved that atomization is a proper method to prepare amorphous alloys in a powder form. However, research shows that fully vitrification of powders depends on the size of obtained particles [6] and glass-forming ability of the processed alloy [7]. In article [8] researchers were able to simulate an atomization process for a Fe-based alloy with high glass forming ability. The simulation results of particle size distribution were confirmed by experimental results. Experimenters show a correlation between the pressure of the gas with particle size distribution. Obtained powders were fully amorphous for particle size 25–45 µm.
Gas atomization allows obtaining spherical and chemically homogeneous powder particles, which is essential to keep the high glass forming ability of the alloy. While new methods such as in-situ alloying of blended powder [9] is cost-effective, it often requires heat treatment to homogenize the chemical composition, which is unfavourable for metallic glasses.
Furthermore, powders obtained through atomization were successfully exploited in the production of bulk amorphous glasses by additive manufacturing. Ref. [10] reported efficiently produced samples by selective laser melting using gas-atomized powder (10–90 µm particles size) of Ti-based alloys with high glass-forming ability (critical casting thickness up to 7 mm). Remarkably, in [10] research did not obtain the amorphous structure of the alloy by atomization (powder form), while obtained SLM samples from that powder had an amorphous structure. In [11] for SLM Fe-based amorphous alloys were used in form of particles size 2–53 µm received by gas atomization. Like before, the powder was a particular crystal—the volume of the crystalline phase was 10.1%, but the parts of a developed sample were nearly almost amorphous.
Additive manufacturing is a technology also considered as a solution for the problem with critical raw materials. The latest review article [12] reports that additive manufacturing prevents developing waste through the production process and can change the whole chain that starts from suppling to distribution, which will occur in a much better situation of the critical raw materials market.
The atomization process is also in the interest of researchers to produce high entropy alloys [13,14], which shows that atomization is a process suitable for a wide range of materials and worth studying more precise for materials from different groups. Moreover, many powders developed through this process are suitable to use as a feedstock for additive manufacturing [15]. In this article, amorphous metals obtained thou atomization will be tested.
The amorphous state of the alloy provides properties different from those of classic alloys with crystal/polycrystal structure [16]. With that order of atoms, different from the ‘classic’ alloys used in the global market, amorphous alloys give new possibilities of obtaining material harder and more durable with a young module with higher, better anticorrosion properties, and enormous good magnetic properties. That interest in amorphous alloys started when the first amorphous alloy was established by Klement [17] in 1960 and has lasted until now [5,18].
The cobalt-based amorphous alloys investigated in this work have relatively good glass forming ability (GFA). In [19] CoMoPB rods achieve 4.5 mm of critical diameter, and in [20] even 5.0 mm for the CoFeNiBSiNb alloy. Other parameters related to GFA, namely, the supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) for some Co-based alloys can even reach 111 ± 5 °C [21]. This very good GFA of Co-based alloys allows different shape samples to be developed for research. As described above, the researchers were working on bulk metallic glasses (BMG) rods made using the copper mold injection casting method, but researchers also successfully obtained ribbons by melt spinning processes [22,23]. A more interesting shape, which was also studied in this work, is the powder form of an amorphous Co-based alloy. In [5] the researchers reported that they successfully obtained a powder of Co-based alloy by gas atomization, the same technology as used in this work. In addition, powder from [4] was used to develop an amorphous coating by laser cladding, so it is the next possibility of a form of Co-based alloys (amorphous coatings). However, researchers are still working on the BMG made by additive manufacturing. Although, successfully made by SLM BMG of other amorphous alloys and printing layers from Co-based alloys (laser cladding) implies that printing BMG Co-based amorphous alloys is possible.
Amorphous alloys based on Cobalt are distinguished by their very high hardness. The (CoFe)YB rods in [24] establishes 1336 HV (100 g load, dwell time 10 s) and in [25] CoNiTaB even 1410 HV (load 5 N, 10 s dwell time).
Taking into account that Co is a natural ferromagnetic material with a magnetic moment of 1.7–1.75 μB. Moreover, this element is characterized by spin-orbit coupling stronger than pure iron and it is extremely important during designing materials for practical applications, i.e., small size inductor footprint or transformers [26,27]. CoFeSiB soft magnetic alloys are excellent candidates for such applications due to high electrical resistivity. The most popular soft magnetic Co-based alloy is a material called Vitrovac and its modifications [28,29] which are characterized by relatively low coercivity, high saturation magnetization, low eddy current and high magnetic permeability.
It was observed that the Co-based alloys reduced Barkhausen jumps on the magnetic field in toroidal samples from λs = 30·10−6 for Fe84B16 to λs = 10−6 for Co70Fe5Si15B10 [30].
Recently, Nosenko and coworkers [31] have shown that selective Cr addition and optimum thermal treatment could decrease saturation induction, which is extremely important in the perspective application of Co-based alloys as supersensitive fluxgate sensors.
Co-based alloys are in the field of interest because of their mechanical and magnetic properties, which are very good, and are also investigated in this work. However, ribbons, rods, or layers are usually investigated, but there is not sufficient information about the properties of powders obtained by gas-atomization. Studying the properties of powder in the initial state and after annealing is important to understand further research on samples produced from powders like BMG performed by additive manufacturing or layers. In this work, CoBFeSiNb and CoBFeTaSiCu powders will be investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

In this work, two Co-based alloys were examined, first alloy- Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at, Co58.6B4.9Fe23.8Si3.0Nb9.7% wg and second alloy- Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at, Co48.8B5.6Fe22Ta19.6Si2.8Cu1.3% wg. Alloys used in this research were obtained by alloying pure chemical elements: Co (99.99%), Fe (99.97%), B (99.9%), Si (99.999%), Nb (99.95%), Cu (99.999%), Ta (99.995%). The precise composition of the alloys is shown in Table 1.
Alloying was performed in an induction vacuum furnace VIM-LAB 50-60. Each alloy was maintained at high temperature for 1 h in the furnace to melt and mix all elements and then cast. After alloying, the cast bars were remelted under vacuum in a crucible, and then the metal was atomized using a jet of high-pressure argon. The powders obtained were sieved using vibrating sieves with a grid of 80, 50 and 20 µm. Then fractions 20–50 µm and 50–80 µm were selected for further investigations. The granulations obtained by sieving were analyzed by liquid particle size analysis (PSA) with the Anton Parr Particle Size Analyzer PSA 1190, Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria. Obscuration of all measurements was set between 5–15%. Before measurements were made, ultrasound dispersions of the samples were performed. The reconstruction mode was Fraunhofer. Optical and chemical composition analyses of the obtained particles were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Tescan Vega with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), module with material and topographic contrast (BSE and SE), TESCAN ORSAY HOLDING, a.s., Brno, Czech Republic. The acceleration voltage of the electrons for analysis was set at 20V. The amorphous state of the alloys and the presence of the crystalline phase were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Rigaku Ultima IV Diffractometer, Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan with Cu Kα irradiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The range of X-ray scanning was 15–95° 2θ with a step of 0.05°. The electric parameters used for the analysis were 40 kV/40 mV. To establish the onset of the temperature of glass transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tx) Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was performed on STA 449 F3 Jupiter by NETZSCH factory thermal analyzer, NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, 95100 Selb, Germany. The heating rate for DTA was 40 C/min. The above-described characterization of two granulations of each Co-based alloy leads to focus on 50–80 µm powder granulation for the next step of the experiment. That next step included the annealing of the samples. The 50–80 µm particle size powder was divided into 3 groups. The first group was powder particles in the initial state- as-atomized, the second group was annealed at Tg and the third group was annealed at Tx, respectively, and the temperatures were matched for the first and second alloy. The samples were annealed for 20 min in an atmosphere of inert gas (argon) in a Lt15/12/C450 Nabertherm furnace, Nabertherm GmbH, 28865 Lilienthal, Germany. Characteristic temperatures (Tg and Tx) were taken into account in this research because in those temperatures usually the biggest changes in mechanical parameters occurred. In [32,33] the first biggest change in hardness value of amorphous samples was observed between samples annealed at peak of Tx and annealed at Tg. The first noticeable change in fracture toughness and fracture mechanism of samples were observed between samples as-cast and annealed at Tg.
The time of annealing across the literature has ranged from 5 min [34] to hours [35]. By experience, and the work of other researchers [36,37], it was decided that 20 min is proper to observe the first changes in properties of the examined samples in this research.
After the samples were annealed and cooled outside the furnace in an inert atmosphere, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM tests were re-performed. Next, the mechanical parameters of these three groups of samples were examined by using nanoindentation. Nanoindentations were taken on an Anton Paar Tester NHT3 on the STeP 4 platform with Berkovich type tip, Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria, calibrated before measurements on fused silica samples. Measurements were taken at room temperature, the applied load was set at a level of 35 mN, a pause of 30 s was observed and rate of load and unloading was 70 mN/min. The distance between the indentations was at least 1.5x the width of the indent. Calculations of the hardness and the elastic module were performed using the Oliver and Parr method [38]. Indentation hardness (HIT) was calculated from Equation (1) as a ratio of the maximum test force (Fmax) to the projected contact area (Ap)
HIT = Fmax/Ap,
Ap for the Berkovich tip is calculated from Equation (2) as a square of the contact depth of the indent (hc) multiplied by 24.5. hc is measured as the maximum depth of the indent (hmax), while Fmax is obtained, and reduced by elastic deformation of the surface following Sneddon discovery [39] (3).
Ap = 24.5 hc2,
hc = hmax − 0.75 Fmax/S,
S in (3) represents the contact stiffness calculated as a slope of the plot during unloading. To convert the indentation hardness from MPa to Vickers (HV) the (4) equations were used (proper for Berkovich indenter tip).
HVIT ≈ HIT/10.80,
Elastic indentation module (EIT) was calculated using Equation (5), where: νs, νi- Poisson’s ratio of sample and indenter, respectively, Ei- reduced elastic module and indenter elastic module, respectively.
EIT = (1 − νs2)/[1/Er − (1 − νi2)/Ei],
The values of νi and Ei were taken from the documentation of the indenter delivered by the manufacturer. νs was estimated by a review of the literature [40,41,42] and established at 0.315.
The static hysteresis loops were measured at room temperature using a LakeShore VSM 7307 vibrating sample magnetometer, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., Ohio 43082, USA, working under an external magnetic field up to 2T. The Mössbauer spectra were collected at room temperature using a Polon Mössbauer spectrometer, Polon, Warsaw, Poland, working in transmission geometry with the 57Co source in the Rh matrix (of the activity of 50 mCi). The studies were carried out on samples crushed to the powder in order to obtain a representation of the entire volume. The analysis was performed using a thin absorber approximation. The Mössbauer spectra were fitted with the WinNORMOS for Igor 6.04 package.

3. Results

3.1. Particle Size Distribution

Obtained through the alloying of chemical elements and atomization, Co-based powders of the first and second alloys form regular, spheric-shaped particles. By sieving the first and second alloy, two granulations to test, 20–50 µm and 50–80 µm were received successfully. The results of the particle size analysis showed that 50% of the particle size (D50) for the granulation of 20–50 μm granulation had a diameter less than or equal to 31.41 μm and 29.43 μm, for the first and second alloys, respectively. D50 for 50–80 μm sets on 59.19 μm and 63.50 μm, analogously. The analysis plots and images of the tested samples are shown in Figure 2. Further research was carried out on a higher granulation of alloys- 50–80 µm.

3.2. EDS Analyzes/Chemical Composition Homogeneity of Particles

SEM EDS analysis has shown a steady level of the amount of each chemical element inside the particles of both alloys. For the first alloy, the maximum difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations of each element was 2.5%. For the second alloy, maximum differences were 7.6% for Co and around 5% for Fe and Ta. For the rest of the elements in the second alloy, there was less than a 2.5% difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations. O and C rising on the edges of the graph came from the background of the particles. The described analysis and images of the analyzed metallographic section of the particles are shown in Figure 3.

3.3. Differential Thermal Analysis

Conducting DTA of the first alloy shows the existence of an exothermal peak corresponding to the temperature of glass transition the Tg and set at 598 °C. The next two exothermic peaks were observed, and the first one onset was 656 °C. The last peak with two maxims was endothermic and corresponded to the process of melting (Tm)- onset at 1074 °C. Analysis by DTA second alloying did not point out Tg, but by studying the literature the Tg of the second alloy was established at 545 °C for the next steps of the experiment [43]. However, three exothermic peaks were observed for the second alloy, and the first of them has an onset at 595 °C. The endothermal peak occurred at 1069 °C (Tm). The DTA plot printed after the analysis is shown in Figure 4. The registered temperatures are shown in Table 2.

3.4. Annealing and X-ray Diffraction Test (of As-Atomized and Annealed Samples)

Annealing of 50–80 µm powders of first and second alloys was carried out. XRD plots are shown in Figure 5. The XRD test of the first alloy in the atomized and annealed state at Tg did not show any diffraction peaks. Annealing at Tx caused peaks of diffraction that may be indicated on (Co, Fe)2B. Particles of the second alloy in the as-atomized state showed some disturbances of the plot, which suggest that the atoms are more repeatable arranged than an as-atomized sample of the first alloy. The pattern of XRD of the second sample in the as-atomized state corresponds to (Co, Fe)2B. High intensity and broad peaks can be observed on XRD plots for the second alloy that was annealed at Tg and annealed at Tx. Compared to the literature, [25,26,27], from analysis of the XRD patterns of diffracted X-rays for the second alloy annealed at Tg, it can be concluded that these peaks correspond to (Co, Fe)2B and some lower intense peaks indicated to α-(Co, Fe). The last graph of the second alloy, for the powder annealed at Tx, had an instance and broad peaks indicating the presence of crystalline peaks of both (Co, Fe)2B and α-(Co, Fe).

3.5. SEM Analysis

Analyzed SEM samples of the as-atomized powder of the first alloy present regular spheric particles with some splats on the surfaces. However, no splats detached from the spheric particles were observed. The surface of the particles and splats were plain without any irregularities. The microscopic observation did not show any changes on the surface of the particles that occurred by annealing of the powder samples, neither at Tg nor at Tx. The second alloy as-atomized powder SEM analysis also exhibits a regular spheric shape of the particles and presents some splats joined to the spheric particles. The surface of the particles was irregular. Like before, annealing at Tg and Tx of the second alloy did not cause visible changes on the particles. Representative samples of each powder are shown in Figure 6.

3.6. Nanoindetation

The mean hardness (HIT) value of the second alloy calculated from nanoindentation tests for atomized particles was 16,768.64 MPa (or 1552.96 HV), for annealed at Tg 18,562.29 MPa (1721.85 HV) and Tx 19,463.81 MPa (1221.52 HV). These results indicate that annealing in this experiment causes an increase in the mean hardness for annealing of 76.31 MPa for annealing at Tg and 149 MPa for annealing at Tx. Likewise, the elastic indentation module increases after annealing as-atomized powder. EIT set on 139.54 GPa, 173.85 GPa and 182.5 GPa respectively, for the as-atomized, annealed at Tg and annealed at Tx. The results described are shown in Table 3. Examples of plots obtained from nanoindentation and graphic results are shown in Figure 7.

3.7. Mössbauer Studies

As is well known, the Mössbauer spectroscopy is a very sensitive method for the investigation of the structure and magnetic state of materials. X-ray diffraction revealed an amorphous structure; however, in the case of Mössbauer spectroscopy, some phases were detected. This difference is due to the sensitivities of each method. The measured spectrum of Co47.6Fe20.4B21.9Si5.1Nb5 was deconvoluted in a doublet corresponding to the disordered Fe-based phase and in sextets that are related to Fe2B and Fe-Nb-B phases. Taking into account analysis of annealed samples, a change in phase constitution was not observed; however, successive increase of Fe2B phase at the expense of two other phases was detected. All parameters, such as, isomer shift IS, quadrupole splitting QS and hyperfine field induction Bhf for all studied samples were collected in Table 4. For the Co42Cu1Fe20Ta5.5B26.5Si5 alloy samples, the Mössbauer spectra collected at room temperature were deconvoluted in three phases: Fe-Cu corresponding to paramagnetic doublet, Fe2B, and Fe-B-Nb corresponding to ferromagnetic sextets. The analysis of spectra of annealed samples expansion of Fe2B phase at the expense of other two phases. Table 4 contains all parameters of the Mössbauer spectra. The room temperature Mössbauer spectrums of the as-atomized first and second alloy samples are shown in Figure 8.

3.8. Magnetic Properties

In order to reveal magnetic properties and classify the powder produced into some group of magnetic materials, the static hysteresis loops at room temperature were measured (Figure 9). In the case of samples of the Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 alloy, the saturation magnetization is 59.4, 63.6 and 58.1 Am2/kg for as-atomized, annealed at 597 °C and 656 °C, respectively. The phase contained Nb and Ta were detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy due to its higher sensitivity compared to the XRD diffraction. The coercivity equalled 319, 321 and 690 A/m. The saturation magnetization for Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 alloy sets on the level of 20.6, 21.4 and 21.6 Am2/kg for the as-atomized sample, annealed at a temperature of 597 °C and 656 °C, respectively. Analysis of the hysteresis loops allowed revealing values of coercivity, which were 13.9, 12.7 and 13.9 kA/m for the as-atomized sample, annealed at temperature 597 °C and 656 °C, respectively.

4. Discussion

Based on the results shown in this work, atomization was confirmed as a suitable method to obtain powder-form alloys with high glass formation ability (GFA), including Co-based amorphous alloys such as Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 % at. and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at. Other research also shows the proven accuracy of the method in developing regular spheric powder particles with the bell-shaped plot of the particle size distribution [44,45,46].
EDS analysis showed that the chemical composition of the first alloy, namely Co47.6Fe20.4B21.9Si5.1Nb5.0% at, was suitable to gain a homogeneous practice through the atomization process. All particles, from the fraction 20–50 µm and 50–80 µm, had a steady level of concentration of each chemical composition. This was also confirmed by a microscopic observation shown in Figure 2b. However, the second alloy had less homogeneity. Some fluctuations of the concentration elements were observed, suggesting that the atomization process of Co42Cu1Fe20Ta5.5B26.5Si5 should be improved. These results are in line with [47] which confirm the homogeneous chemical composition obtained by atomization as in the first alloy.
Differential thermal analysis for the first alloy in the form of powder, granulation 20–50 µm, exhibited for the Tg peak 620 °C and the Tx inflexion 663 °C. According to the work [48,49] for the same chemical composition of the alloy as the first alloy, but in rod form, the Tg peak is set at 580 °C and the inflection of Tx 623 or 635 °C for [48,49], respectively. Since the heat rate in the experiments in this work and in [48,49] was the same (40 K/min), it could be concluded that the form of the material tested causes translation to the right graph of DTA for about 40 °C.
For the second alloy in the form of powder 20–50 µm, DTA in this work did not show a Tg peak while according to [43] for the alloy identical to second but in rods Tg set at 623 °C. The Tx onset read from DTA in this work was set at 595 °C and is 82 °C lower than the temperature measured in [43]. The difference between temperatures might be due to the different forms of the tested samples and the different heat rates. In [43] the heat rate was twice lower (20 K/min) than in this work.
The results of the first and second XRD pattern confirm those of earlier studies, such as [43,50,51,52]. Where respectively, the first two works confirm that alloys with similar elements developed first a crystal phase (Co, Fe) 2B and [50,51,52] shows a crystallization of α-(Co, Fe) which was developed only in the second alloy after annealing. The first alloy after atomization was fully amorphous, while the second already had some crystal phase (in an as-atomized state). In the study literature, the first alloy has a ΔTx = 52 or 44 °C [48,49], and the second ΔTx = 42 °C [43], which may suggest that the first alloy has a better glass-forming ability that can explain the different states of particles in the samples as atomized.
After annealing, the hardness of the powder particles increases-for annealing in Tx by about 11% and for annealing in Tx for 26%. The same as the elastic module, for Tg annealing increased by 24% and for Tx by 31%. All of these increases are caused by increasing the amount of crystal phase in samples and correspond to the results of other researchers [53,54]. However, other research refers to Fe-based alloys because those based on Co have not been studied well enough. Increasing hardness is explained as the first state being a relaxation of the structure and the second as a growing crystal hard phase. In the research [54] there is also information on the short range of decreasing hardness that is the cause of initial crystallization without the possibilities of relaxation, but in this work that case did not appear. The same studies explain and confirm the increase of the elastic module through the annealing of amorphous samples.
The Mössbauer spectroscopy studies revealed traces of some phases, such as the paramagnetic disordered Fe-based phase and ferromagnetic Fe2B and Fe-Nb-B phases for the Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5alloy. The content of each phase was changed slightly during heat treatment. Similar behavior was detected in the Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 alloy samples. The spectra contain traces of the paramagnetic Fe-Cu phase and the ferromagnetic Fe2B and Fe-Nb-B phases. Magnetic studies revealed that in the case of the Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5alloy, it is a soft magnetic material both: in the as-atomized state and after heat treatment. Co47.6Fe20.4B21.9Si5.1Nb5 alloy establishes the saturation magnetization 59.4, 63.6 and 58.1 Am2/kg for as-atomized, annealed at Tg and Tx, respectively. Taking into account the results provided by Ackland et al. [28] the measured values are almost twice lower. It is probably caused by the degradation of a structure during atomization. In the case of saturation magnetization, no strong deviations were observed, which suggests that the material is structurally stable in the as-atomization state and after annealing. Results for the coercivity equalled 319, 321 and 690 A/m, respectively, for the same states as above. The results correspond well to the data provided by other authors [28,55,56,57,58].
Significantly different properties were measured for samples of the Co42Cu1Fe20Ta5.5B26.5Si5 alloy. The saturation magnetization was almost three times lower than for the first alloy, namely 20.6, 21.4 and 21.6 Am2/kg for the as-atomized sample, annealed at Tg and Tx, respectively. Compared to the data provided by Ackland et al. [28] and Mohapatra et al. [58] our results are lower or comparable, which is induced by a lower Fe content and other preparation conditions. Coercivity for the second alloy was even 10 times lower than for a first alloy 13.9, 12.7 and 13.9 kA/m for the as-atomized sample, annealed at Tg and Tx, respectively. Such values qualify the produced samples as semi-hard magnetic materials. Moreover, similar to the first alloy, the fluctuations of saturation magnetization were not observed. As is visible in Figure 9a, the Nb-doped samples have an almost rectangular shape of hysteresis loops. The rectangular shape of hysteresis loops is typical for axial anisotropy. Most likely, some axial anisotropy is induced by Nb atoms. In the case of samples doped by Ta, the inclination of hysteresis loops is visible in Figure 9b, which means that Ta atoms do not induce an axial anisotropy compared to Nb atoms. In the case of Ta-doped samples, we can talk about circumferential anisotropy. A similar effect was observed in Co-based microwires induced by thermal treatment [59,60].

5. Conclusions

▪
Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at. and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at. are suitable alloys to produce powder by atomization and the obtained particles have a chemical homogeneity concentration. However, the second alloy had a slightly smaller homogeneity than the first alloy.
▪
The atomized powder 50–80 µm of Co47.6Fe20.4B21.9Si5.1Nb5 alloy exhibits a Tg = 620 °C and Tx = 663 °C on a DTA research. Co42Cu1Fe20Ta5.5B26.5Si5 exhibits the smaller Tx (then first alloy), namely 595 °C and does not show any Tg sights. Those temperatures are lower than the temperature taken from the literature, which can be caused by a different form of tested samples (powders vs. rods).
▪
The surface of the first and second alloy did not visibly change after annealing at Tg nor Tx.
▪
The annealing for 20 min at Tg and the annealing at the Tx powder samples of Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 causes an increase of the hardness of the indentation and increase of the elastic indentation module.
▪
Magnetic research shows that the Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5alloy is a soft magnetic material, both in the atomized state and after annealing state. Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 shows semi-hard magnetic material properties in both states.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.K., W.P. and A.M.; validation, A.K., W.P. and A.M.; formal analysis, A.K., W.P. and A.M.; investigation, A.K.; writing—original draft preparation, A.K. and P.G.; writing—review and editing, A.K., W.P. and A.M.; supervision, A.A.; funding acquisition, A.A., W.P. and P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 14 07357 g001 550
Figure 1. Schematic of the atomization process.
Figure 1. Schematic of the atomization process.
Materials 14 07357 g001
Materials 14 07357 g002 550
Figure 2. Particle size analysis of (a) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and (b) Co42B26.5Fe20.0Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at fraction 20–50 and 50–80 μm. (c–f) Example of alloys analyzed with SEM SE mag. ×500.
Figure 2. Particle size analysis of (a) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and (b) Co42B26.5Fe20.0Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at fraction 20–50 and 50–80 μm. (c–f) Example of alloys analyzed with SEM SE mag. ×500.
Materials 14 07357 g002
Materials 14 07357 g003 550
Figure 3. Example of EDS analysis of chemical composition homogeneity and SEM image of analyzed metallography section of (a,b) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at. and (c,d) Co42B26.5Fe20.0Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at.
Figure 3. Example of EDS analysis of chemical composition homogeneity and SEM image of analyzed metallography section of (a,b) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at. and (c,d) Co42B26.5Fe20.0Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at.
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Materials 14 07357 g004 550
Figure 4. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of two Co-based alloys.
Figure 4. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of two Co-based alloys.
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Materials 14 07357 g005 550
Figure 5. X-ray diffractogram plots of (a) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and (b) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 powder as atomized, annealed at glass transition temperature (Tg) and annealed at first crystallization temperature (Tx).
Figure 5. X-ray diffractogram plots of (a) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and (b) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 powder as atomized, annealed at glass transition temperature (Tg) and annealed at first crystallization temperature (Tx).
Materials 14 07357 g005
Materials 14 07357 g006a 550Materials 14 07357 g006b 550
Figure 6. SEM image, topography contrast of (a–c) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5, (d,e) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1; (a,d) powders as atomized, (b,e) annealed at glass transition temperature (Tg), (c,f) annealed at first crystallization temperature (Tx).
Figure 6. SEM image, topography contrast of (a–c) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5, (d,e) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1; (a,d) powders as atomized, (b,e) annealed at glass transition temperature (Tg), (c,f) annealed at first crystallization temperature (Tx).
Materials 14 07357 g006aMaterials 14 07357 g006b
Materials 14 07357 g007 550
Figure 7. (a) Plots of the nanoindentation test, force to the depth of penetration (blue—as-atomized; green—annealed at Tg, glass transition temperature; brown- annealed at Tx, crystallization temperature), (b) graphic presentation of nanoindentation test results.
Figure 7. (a) Plots of the nanoindentation test, force to the depth of penetration (blue—as-atomized; green—annealed at Tg, glass transition temperature; brown- annealed at Tx, crystallization temperature), (b) graphic presentation of nanoindentation test results.
Materials 14 07357 g007
Materials 14 07357 g008 550
Figure 8. Analyzed Mössbauer spectrum of the as-atomized (a) Co47.6B21.9 Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and (b) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1.
Figure 8. Analyzed Mössbauer spectrum of the as-atomized (a) Co47.6B21.9 Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and (b) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1.
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Materials 14 07357 g009 550
Figure 9. The room temperature hysteresis loops of the (A) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5, (B) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 alloy; (as-atomized, and after heat treatment).
Figure 9. The room temperature hysteresis loops of the (A) Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5, (B) Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 alloy; (as-atomized, and after heat treatment).
Materials 14 07357 g009
Table
Table 1. Chemical composition of the alloys in this work and prunes of the elements used for alloying.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the alloys in this work and prunes of the elements used for alloying.
Elements
First AlloyCobaltIronBoronSiliconNiobiumCopperTantalum
% at.47.6020.4021.905.105.000.000.00
% wg.58.5823.794.942.999.700.000.00
Second Alloy-------
% at.42.0020.0026.505.000.001.005.50
% wg.48.7522.005.642.770.001.2519.60
% at.99.9999.9799.999.99999.9599.99999.995
Table
Table 2. Characteristic temperature of Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1.
Table 2. Characteristic temperature of Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1.
Temperature [°C]TgTxTx2Tx3ΔTxTmTl
Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5598656782-5810741144
Co42B26.5Fe20.0Ta5.5Si5Cu1-595768928-10691116
Table
Table 3. Results of the second alloy nanoindentation test in the as-atomized state, annealed at Tg and Tx.
Table 3. Results of the second alloy nanoindentation test in the as-atomized state, annealed at Tg and Tx.
As-AtomizedAnnealed at TgAnnealed at Tx
ParameterHITHVIT EITHITHVITEITHITHVITEIT
Unit(MPa)(HV)(GPa)(MPa)(HV)(GPa)(MPa)(HV)(GPa)
Mean16,768.61553.0139.518,592.31721.9173.019,463.81802.6182.5
Standard deviation1085.4100.58.9703.665.28.11221.5113.15.0
Coefficient of variation [%]6.56.56.43.83.84.76.36.32.7
HIT—indentation hardness, HVIT—Vickers hardness calculated from indentation hardness HVIT = HIT/10.80, EIT—indentation elastic module.
Table
Table 4. The parameters of the Mossbauer spectra of studied samples. D-doublet, S-Sextet.
Table 4. The parameters of the Mossbauer spectra of studied samples. D-doublet, S-Sextet.
ComponentIS (mm/s)QS (mm/s)B (T)FWHM (mm/s)A (%)Compound
Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 as-atomized
D10.160.79-0.427Fe-based
S10.16−0.0223.40.325Fe2B
S20.16−0.0121.50.328
S30.18−0.0619.40.5423Fe-B-Nb
S40.15−0.0116.90.5420
S50.110.0714.50.5417
S60.100.0111.30.5414
S70.170.038.30.546
Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 annealed at T = 597 °C for 20 min.
D10.190.76-0.365Fe-based
S10.15−0.0223.50.327Fe2B
S20.15−0.0121.60.329
S30.16−0.0619.70.5220Fe-B-Nb
S40.15−0.0217.30.5220
S50.100.0714.70.5216
S60.070.0411.20.5212
S70.170.058.10.5211
Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 annealed at T = 656 °C for 20 min.
D10.150.78-0.414Fe-based
S10.17−0.0223.30.329Fe2B
S20.16−0.0121.50.329
S30.19−0.0619.50.5522Fe-B-Nb
S40.15−0.0116.80.5520
S50.110.0714.50.5515
S60.090.0111.30.5515
S70.170.038.30.556
Co42 B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 as- atomized
D10.220.44-0.4324Fe-Cu
D20.270.68-0.4347
S10.120.0023.80.4514Fe2B
S20.130.0021.70.45 8
S30.210.0019.10.59 7Fe-B-Nb
Co42 B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1annealed at T = 545 °C for 20 min.
D10.210.41-0.4118Fe-Cu
D20.280.66-0.4151
S10.110.0023.50.5212Fe2B
S20.090.0021.50.5212
S30.210.0013.90.52 6Fe-B-Nb
Co42 B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1annealed at T = 597 °C for 20 min.
D10.240.46-0.4126Fe-Cu
D20.280.68-0.4140
S10.110.0023.80.3910Fe2B
S20.120.0021.70.3911
S30.080.0019.10.39 5Fe-B-Nb
S40.200.0013.70.58 8
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Kuś, A.; Pilarczyk, W.; Małachowska, A.; Ambroziak, A.; Gębara, P. Investigation of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Powders Obtained by Atomization. Materials 2021, 14, 7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237357

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Kuś A, Pilarczyk W, Małachowska A, Ambroziak A, Gębara P. Investigation of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Powders Obtained by Atomization. Materials. 2021; 14(23):7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237357

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kuś, Anna, Wirginia Pilarczyk, Aleksandra Małachowska, Andrzej Ambroziak, and Piotr Gębara. 2021. "Investigation of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Powders Obtained by Atomization" Materials 14, no. 23: 7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237357

APA Style

Kuś, A., Pilarczyk, W., Małachowska, A., Ambroziak, A., & Gębara, P. (2021). Investigation of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Powders Obtained by Atomization. Materials, 14(23), 7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237357

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