Influence of Varied Waste Ceramic Fillers on the Resistance of Concrete to Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Research Program
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- The effect of the addition of ceramic fillers (both fine and coarse) on the compressive strength was negligible.
- The addition of ceramic fillers increased the aeration of concrete.
- Concretes with ceramic fillers were characterized by higher contents of micro–pores in class 18 (with a diameter of up to 300 µm) in comparison to the reference concrete.
- The content of micro–pores directly influenced the resistance of the tested concretes to freeze–thaw cycles.
- The best effect on the resistance to freeze–thaw cycles was achieved by the addition of all three fine fillers that were considered in this study.
- Additional tests should be conducted using different ceramic fillers to confirm the achieved results.
- The possibility of reactions between the fillers and cement paste should be investigated in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Chemical composition | ||
CaO | % | 62.5 |
SiO2 | % | 20.3 |
Al2O3 | % | 5.0 |
Fe2O3 | % | 3.3 |
MgO | % | 1.8 |
SO3 | % | 3.0 |
Cl | % | < 0.1 |
Setting time | ||
Initial | min. | 128 |
Final | min. | 163 |
Specific Surface Area (Blaine) | cm2/g | 4604 |
Compressive strength | ||
After 2 days | Mpa | 25.7 |
After 28 days | Mpa | 58.8 |
Fraction (mm) | Ceramics Pots | Ceramics Tiles | Sanitary Ceramics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | FF | CF | FF | CF | FF | |
0–0.063 | 1 | 30 | 7 | 31 | 3 | 32 |
0.063–0.125 | 2 | 29 | 6 | 34 | 3 | 36 |
0.125–0.25 | 18 | 36 | 35 | 32 | 17 | 28 |
0.25–0.5 | 25 | 5 | 22 | 3 | 12 | 4 |
0.5–1 | 30 | - | 18 | - | 22 | - |
1–2 | 20 | - | 10 | - | 31 | - |
2–4 | 4 | - | 2 | - | 12 | - |
dm (mm) | 0.567 | 0.106 | 0.273 | 0.096 | 0.841 | 0.092 |
Concrete Mix | Component Content (kg/m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | FF | Aggregate | Water | Cement | Admixture | |
Reference R0 | - | - | 1920 | |||
Ceramic Pots PF | - | 35.5 | ||||
Ceramic Pots PA | 35.5 | - | ||||
Ceramic Tiles TF | - | 35.5 | 1885 | 149 | 355 | 3.55 |
Ceramic Tiles TA | 35.5 | - | ||||
Sanitary Ceramics SF | - | 35.5 | ||||
Sanitary Ceramics SA | 35.5 | - |
Property | Reference | Ceramics Pots | Ceramics Tiles | Sanitary Ceramics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R0 | FF | CF | FF | CF | FF | CF | |
Ac (%) | 2.4 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 2.8 |
hslump (mm) | 45 | 40 | 50 | 55 | 40 | 55 | 45 |
Consistency class | S1 | S1 | S2 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 |
Spectrum | Element Content (%) by Mass | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ceramics Pots | Ceramics Tiles | Sanitary Ceramics | |
C | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.13 |
O | 40.79 | 36.36 | 36.71 |
Na | 1.25 | 1.55 | 1.41 |
Mg | 0.58 | 1.95 | - |
Al | 17.38 | 10.32 | 13.19 |
Si | 35.37 | 27.21 | 30.32 |
P | - | 0.19 | 0.05 |
S | - | 0.03 | - |
K | 2.63 | 2.29 | 2.30 |
Ca | 0.30 | 2.40 | 1.53 |
Ti | 0.48 | 0.93 | 0.28 |
Mn | - | 0.84 | - |
Fe | 0.97 | 15.01 | 11.55 |
Zn | - | 0.22 | 0.73 |
Zr | - | - | 1.25 |
Ba | - | - | 0.55 |
Property | Reference | Ceramics Pots | Ceramics Tiles | Sanitary Ceramics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R0 | FF | CF | FF | CF | FF | CF | |
fcm (MPa) | 62.2 | 59.7 | 61.1 | 64.7 | 62.8 | 63.3 | 63.8 |
Δ fcm150 after f–t cycles (%) | 9.7 | 5.3 | 14.3 | 6.5 | 11.9 | 7.0 | 15.2 |
Property | Reference | Ceramics Pots | Ceramics Tiles | Sanitary Ceramics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R0 | FF | CF | FF | CF | FF | CF | |
A (%) | 2.6 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 |
(mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.28 |
A300 (%) | 1.2 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
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Katzer, J.; Halbiniak, J.; Langier, B.; Major, M.; Major, I. Influence of Varied Waste Ceramic Fillers on the Resistance of Concrete to Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Materials 2021, 14, 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030624
Katzer J, Halbiniak J, Langier B, Major M, Major I. Influence of Varied Waste Ceramic Fillers on the Resistance of Concrete to Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Materials. 2021; 14(3):624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030624
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatzer, Jacek, Jacek Halbiniak, Bogdan Langier, Maciej Major, and Izabela Major. 2021. "Influence of Varied Waste Ceramic Fillers on the Resistance of Concrete to Freeze–Thaw Cycles" Materials 14, no. 3: 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030624
APA StyleKatzer, J., Halbiniak, J., Langier, B., Major, M., & Major, I. (2021). Influence of Varied Waste Ceramic Fillers on the Resistance of Concrete to Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Materials, 14(3), 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030624