Predicting Workability of a Low-Cost Powder Metallurgical Ti–5Al–2Fe–3Mo Alloy Using Constitutive Modeling and Processing Map
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flow Curves
3.1.1. Flow Stress Characterization
3.1.2. Flow Softening Behavior
3.2. Arrhenius-Type Constitutive Modeling
3.3. Processing Map
3.4. Deformation Microstructures
3.4.1. Effects of Temperature on Deformation Microstructure
3.4.2. Effects of Strain Rate on Deformation Microstructure
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Powders | Purity (wt.%) | O (wt.%) | Other Impurity (wt.%) | Particle Size, D50 (μm) | Producing Methods | Producer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | 99.744 ± 0.015 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.036 ± 0.005 | 67.5 ± 0.2 | Hydrogenation-dehydrogenation | TiTd Metal Materials Co., Ltd., Changsha, China |
Al | 99.718 ± 0.015 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.012 ± 0.005 | 21.3 ± 0.2 | Gas atomization | |
Fe | 99.811 ± 0.015 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.009 ± 0.005 | 25.3 ± 0.2 | Deoxidization | |
Mo | 99.729 ± 0.015 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.011 ± 0.005 | 6.18 ± 0.2 | Deoxidization |
Alloy | Refs. | Q (kJ/mol) | Type | Deformation Temperature (°C) | Initial Microstructure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti60 | [43] | 591 | Near α | 900–1000 | Acicular |
IMI834 | [38] | 557 | α + β | 800–1000 | Transformed β |
Ti-6242S | [46] | 623 | Near α | 816–955 | Lamellar |
TiAlFeMo | Present work | 413.25 | α + β | 700–1000 | Lamellar |
Subscript of Coefficient | Material Constants | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
α (Ex) | n (Fx) | lnA (Mx) | Q (Nx) | |
0 | 0.00616 | 7.40278 | 46.65846 | 464.1805 |
1 | 0.0114 | −9.67458 | −120.575 | −687.345 |
2 | −0.05417 | 54.39862 | 702.7041 | 2179.603 |
3 | 0.13092 | −150.532 | −2050.21 | −5502.86 |
4 | −0.09441 | 190.761 | 2683.395 | 7744.687 |
5 | −0.00302 | −89.1704 | −1279.64 | −4137.25 |
Alloy | Refs. | Type | Deformation Temperature (°C) | Strain Rate (s−1) | AARE% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMI834 | [30] | near α | 850–1060 | 0.0003–1 | 10.43 |
Ti-6242S | [24] | near α | 850–1000 | 0.001–1 | 9.98 |
Ti60 | [39] | near α | 970–1120 | 0.01–10 | 8.45 |
Ti-6Al-4V | [50] | α + β | 800–1050 | 0.0005–1 | 9.06 |
Ti–6Al–7Nb | [52] | α + β | 850–1000 | 0.0025–0.25 | 5.53 |
Ti–5Al–2Fe–3Mo | Present work | α + β | 700–1000 | 0.001–10 | 5.21 |
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Pan, D.; Liu, B.; Xu, R.; Qiu, J.; Liu, C. Predicting Workability of a Low-Cost Powder Metallurgical Ti–5Al–2Fe–3Mo Alloy Using Constitutive Modeling and Processing Map. Materials 2021, 14, 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040836
Pan D, Liu B, Xu R, Qiu J, Liu C. Predicting Workability of a Low-Cost Powder Metallurgical Ti–5Al–2Fe–3Mo Alloy Using Constitutive Modeling and Processing Map. Materials. 2021; 14(4):836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040836
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Di, Bin Liu, Rongjun Xu, Jingwen Qiu, and Chunxuan Liu. 2021. "Predicting Workability of a Low-Cost Powder Metallurgical Ti–5Al–2Fe–3Mo Alloy Using Constitutive Modeling and Processing Map" Materials 14, no. 4: 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040836