Research on Carbide Characteristics and Their Influence on the Properties of Welding Joints for 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mechanical Property Test
2.2. Hydrogen Electrochemical Permeation Tests
2.3. Morphology Observation
2.4. Thermodynamic Property Calculation
- The total Gibbs free energy (G) of the system reaches the minimum value.
- The chemical formula of component “i” in the system is equal.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of WM and BM Mechanical Properties
3.2. Influence of Hydrogen on Tensile Strength and Fracturing
3.3. Analysis of BM and WM Carbide Characteristics
3.4. Hydrogen Diffusivity and Hydrogen Trap
4. Conclusions
- Tensile and impact tests were carried out on 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V steel and welding metal. The strength of the WM was slightly higher than the BM, but the toughness of the WM decreased mainly in two aspects: a reduction of fracture area in the tensile specimen and, more important, the impact energy. The impact performance of the WM was significantly lower than that of the BM, and the impact energy decreased obviously with decreased temperature. The ductility–brittleness transition temperature of the WM was −27.2 °C, so application in a low-temperature environment should be carried out with caution.
- The synchronous hydrogen charging experiment results demonstrate that the BM appears to have stronger hydrogen embrittlement resistance than the WM. Before and after hydrogen charging, the BM showed a plastic fracture, and the dimples became shallower after hydrogen charging, with a hydrogen-induced section reduction of 34.47%. After hydrogen charging, the section reduction of the WM decreased by 84.16%, and the fracture changed from ductile to brittle. More precipitates and inclusions in the WM contributed to the lower performance of the WM than the BM.
- The carbide characteristics were extensively studied by TEM. The microstructures of the BM and WM were observed. The matrix structure of the BM was uniform with fine GF and MA islands, and the WM was made up of QF, IAF, GF, and MA islands. There were more dislocations, inclusions, and carbides in the WM. The phases of M23C6, M2C, and M6C precipitated out and existed in both the BM and WM. Another kind of carbide with a size less than 30 nm was mainly composed of V(C, N). The presence of more carbides and inclusions was the reason why the WM had lower impact properties and hydrogen brittleness resistance than the BM.
- The hydrogen permeation test showed that the apparent diffusion coefficient values were 4.60177 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 for BM and 2.56784 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 for WM, and there were more reversible (dislocation) and irreversible (carbide) hydrogen traps in the WM. Hydrogen enrichment in the WM would occur under the same hydrogen concentration gradient and the WM had a higher sensitivity to hydrogen.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | C | Si | Mn | S | P | Cr | Mo | V | Ni | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 2.41 | 1.07 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
WM | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.07 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 2.45 | 1.03 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Area and Percentage | BM | WM | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Original section area (mm2) | 15 | 15 | ||
Minimum cross-sectional area after tensile (mm2) | 3.243 | 7.255 | 5.788 | 13.541 |
Reduction of section (%) | 78.38 | 51.63 | 61.41 | 9.73 |
Hydrogen induced reduction (%) | 34.47 | 84.16 |
Material | Hydrogen Diffusion Time | tb (s) | J∞ (10−11 mol cm−2 s−1) | Deff (10−7 cm2 s−1) | cf (10−5 mol cm−3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM | 1st | 909 | 2.64879 | 4.60177 | 1.0453 | 5.8154 |
2nd | 489 | 3.35123 | 8.55421 | 0.7114 | 2.1227 | |
WM | 1st | 1629 | 2.79843 | 2.56784 | 1.9154 | 19.127 |
2nd | 1017 | 2.21652 | 4.11308 | 0.9786 | 6.0937 |
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Li, Q.; Cheng, G.; Qin, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z. Research on Carbide Characteristics and Their Influence on the Properties of Welding Joints for 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V Steel. Materials 2021, 14, 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040891
Li Q, Cheng G, Qin M, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Research on Carbide Characteristics and Their Influence on the Properties of Welding Joints for 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V Steel. Materials. 2021; 14(4):891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040891
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Qing, Guangxu Cheng, Mu Qin, Yafei Wang, and Zaoxiao Zhang. 2021. "Research on Carbide Characteristics and Their Influence on the Properties of Welding Joints for 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V Steel" Materials 14, no. 4: 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040891