Formability, Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 718 Superalloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacture Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. SLM Processing
2.3. Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surface Morphologies and Densifications
3.2. Phases Compositions
3.3. Microstructural Characteristics
3.4. Microhardness
3.5. Wear Performance
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The surface morphology and densification of the SLM as-built Inconel 718 specimens were controlled by input E. Within the parameters selected in this study, with the increase of input E, surface holes and balling effect were gradually weakened and disappeared, the surface morphology became smoother, the scanning tracks tended to be smooth and continuous, and the sample densification level was improved steadily. Density increases from 95.75% at the lowest E of 103 J/mm3 to 99.15% at the highest E of 190 J/mm3. When the E was properly set, the near-full dense specimens with good metallurgical bonding and no critical defect can be obtained.
- (2)
- The microstructure of the SLM as-built specimens showed obvious orientational distribution characteristics. It was found that the coarsen columnar dendrites grew across multi-layers along the building direction in the X-Z plane and the fine equiaxed crystals were observed in the X-Y plane, because the main temperature gradient direction was almost consistent with the Z-axis although the heat flux of a single pool varied from edge to center. With the increasing of E, the columnar dendrites became finer. The elements with large atomic radii such as Nb and Mo clustered in interdendritic region. The microsegregation of ehese Nb and Ti elements resulted in reduced ″ -phase content and the formation of brittle Laves phase.
- (3)
- By increasing applied E, the microhardness and wear resistance of SLM-fabricated parts have been significantly improved, and their fluctuation range has been reduced simultaneously. As E was changed from 103 J/mm3 to 190 J/mm3, the average microhardness increased significantly from 290.2 HV0.2 to 348 HV0.2, average COF from 0.40 to 0.29 and the corresponding wear rate from 10.31 × 10−4 mm3/Nm to 5.67 × 10−4 mm3/Nm. The combined action of higher density, higher microhardness and friction protective layer improved the wear performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ni | Cr | Fe | Nb | Mo | Al | Ti | C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance | 18.10 | 14.98 | 10.96 | 4.62 | 1.58 | 2.80 | 0.08 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Laser spot diameter /(D, μm) | 50 |
Powder layer thickness/(t, μm) | 25 |
Hatch distance/(h, μm) | 35 |
Laser power/(P, W) | 90, 100, 90, 100 |
Laser scanning speed/(v, mm/s) | 1000, 800, 600, 600 |
Laser energy density/(J/mm3) | 103, 143, 171, 190 |
Sample (J/mm3) | γ | γ″ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2θ (°) | Intensity | 2θ (°) | Intensity | |
103 | 43.591 | 1698 | 43.765 | 1056 |
143 | 43.653 | 1676 | 43.796 | 1035 |
171 | 43.673 | 1149 | 43.847 | 959 |
190 | 43.743 | 1063 | 43.938 | 950 |
Input Laser Energy Density (E, J/mm3) | Γ (fcc) | γ″ (bct) | R-Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell Parameter (Å) a = b = c | Weight% | Cell Parameter (Å) a = b ≠ c | Weight% | ||
103 | 3.6039 ± 0.0014 | 92.54 | a = 3.6259 ± 0.0020 c = 7.4013 ± 0.0016 | 7.46 | Rp = 5.96 Rwp = 7.54 Rexp = 6.38 GOF = 1.40 |
143 | 3.5993 ± 0.0014 | 92.57 | a = 3.6237 ± 0.0016 c = 7.4000 ± 0.0012 | 7.43 | Rp = 6.10 Rwp = 7.75 Rexp = 6.49 GOF = 1.45 |
171 | 3.5988 ± 0.0001 | 92.74 | a = 3.6214 ± 0.0006 c = 7.3983 ± 0.0006 | 7.26 | Rp = 5.49 Rwp = 7.51 Rexp = 6.23 GOF = 1.39 |
190 | 3.5972 ± 0.0001 | 92.82 | a = 3.6206 ± 0.0001 c = 7.3868 ± 0.0007 | 7.18 | Rp = 7.22 Rwp = 9.75 Rexp = 7.19 GOF = 1.84 |
Input laser energy density (E, J/mm3) | 103 | 143 | 171 | 190 |
Diameter of columnar dendrites in the X-Z plane(μm) | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.27 |
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Liu, X.; Wang, K.; Hu, P.; He, X.; Yan, B.; Zhao, X. Formability, Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 718 Superalloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacture Technology. Materials 2021, 14, 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040991
Liu X, Wang K, Hu P, He X, Yan B, Zhao X. Formability, Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 718 Superalloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacture Technology. Materials. 2021; 14(4):991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040991
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Xiaoping, Kuaishe Wang, Ping Hu, Xiaomei He, Baicheng Yan, and Xuzhao Zhao. 2021. "Formability, Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 718 Superalloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacture Technology" Materials 14, no. 4: 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040991