Thermal Energy Storage by the Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials in Building Elements—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- small house and room model;
- test huts;
- concrete wallboard sample;
- masonry brick wall;
- concrete sandwich panel walls;
- concrete core slab in test cubicles;
- pavement.
2. General Classification of PCM Materials, Comments
2.1. Organic
Organic No-Paraffinic Materials
2.2. Inorganic
2.3. Eutectics
3. Encapsulation Processes for PCMs
3.1. Macro-Encapsulation
- the location of the macro-capsule (the internal or external surface or within the construction element);
- the local weather conditions of the region (ambient temperature, solar radiation);
- the geometric characteristics of the construction part (concrete wall, partition masonry);
- the conductive characteristics of heat through the building material and the type of PCM.
3.2. Microencapsulation
- (a)
- physical methods: pan coating, air-suspension coating, centrifugal extrusion, vibrational nozzle, spray drying and solvent evaporation;
- (b)
- physic-chemical methods: Ionic gelation, coacervation, sol-gel;
- (c)
- chemical methods: interfacial polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization.
4. PCM with Lightweight Aggregate
5. Discussion and Comments
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1. Melting temperature | Liquid–solid phase transition temperature close to the required operating temperature range |
2. Phase change enthalpy | A high value improves the energy storage density in the system; value close to 200 kJ/kg |
3. Specific heat capacity | In general, it should be more than 2.5 kJ/kg °K |
4. Thermal Conductivity | High thermal conductivity will improve thermal charge and discharge speed; value greater than 0.6 W/m °C |
5. Thermal Cycles | This must be able to experience over 5000 thermal cycles of charge and discharge |
6. Over-cooling | This should not undergo over-cooling, because the PCM will not completely solidify below freezing. This could reduce heat removal during freezing |
7. Change in Volume | This should experience minimal change in volume during phase change, a large change will increase the size of the container |
8. Congruent fusion | Must be completely melted and frozen to ensure homogeneity in the solid and liquid phase. If this is not congruent, it will generate segregation due to the difference in densities |
9. Vapor Pressure | You must have a low vapor pressure in the operating temperature range to avoid containment problems |
10. Non-corrosive | It must not be corrosive or toxic to the environment |
11. Economical and Availability | Must be available on a large scale and at an economical price |
12. Non-flammable | Must not be flammable to avoid any fire hazard. |
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Reyez-Araiza, J.L.; Pineda-Piñón, J.; López-Romero, J.M.; Gasca-Tirado, J.R.; Arroyo Contreras, M.; Jáuregui Correa, J.C.; Apátiga-Castro, L.M.; Rivera-Muñoz, E.M.; Velazquez-Castillo, R.R.; Pérez Bueno, J.d.J.; et al. Thermal Energy Storage by the Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials in Building Elements—A Review. Materials 2021, 14, 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061420
Reyez-Araiza JL, Pineda-Piñón J, López-Romero JM, Gasca-Tirado JR, Arroyo Contreras M, Jáuregui Correa JC, Apátiga-Castro LM, Rivera-Muñoz EM, Velazquez-Castillo RR, Pérez Bueno JdJ, et al. Thermal Energy Storage by the Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials in Building Elements—A Review. Materials. 2021; 14(6):1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061420
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyez-Araiza, José Luis, Jorge Pineda-Piñón, José M. López-Romero, José Ramón Gasca-Tirado, Moises Arroyo Contreras, Juan Carlos Jáuregui Correa, Luis Miguel Apátiga-Castro, Eric Mauricio Rivera-Muñoz, Rodrigo Rafael Velazquez-Castillo, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, and et al. 2021. "Thermal Energy Storage by the Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials in Building Elements—A Review" Materials 14, no. 6: 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061420