Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure Evolution
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Fracture Morphologies
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The microstructures of the studied steel are mainly composed of δ-ferrite and austenite dendrites. σ phases are formed on the δ-ferrite–austenite interface under low CR. The contents of δ-ferrite show an increasing trend with the decrease in CR. However, the effects of LEI on the δ-ferrite content are not apparent.
- (2)
- Under low LEI, the UTSes are 533, 553 and 573 MPa for the studied steel with low, medium and high CRs, respectively. With the increase in LEI, the UTSes decrease to 521, 530 and 553 MPa. The UTS and YS both show an increasing trend with the increase in CR or the decrease in LEI. However, the variation of elongation to fracture shows an opposite trend.
- (3)
- Numerous dimples and tearing edges are distributed on the fracture morphologies of the studied steel, indicating that the main fracture mechanism is the micro-voids-induced ductile fracture. The dimples are relatively deep for the studied steel under high LEI compared with that under low LEI, and the dimple size decreases with the CR increasing. For the studied steel under low LEI, the cracks are induced by the coalescence of pores. However, the cracks in the studied steel under high LEI are result from the dislocations piling up around δ-ferrite.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
LEI | linear energy input | CR | cooling rate |
AM | additive manufacturing | WAAM | wire arc additive manufacturing |
EBM | electron beam melting | LPBF | laser powder-based fusion |
DLD | direct laser deposition | CMT | cold metal transfer |
OM | optical microscope | XRD | X-ray diffraction |
moving speed of solid–liquid interface | welding speed | ||
material constant related to the adopted material and local acoustic speed. | undercooling degree of the interface front | ||
the angle between and | Initial grain size | ||
ultimate grain size | thermal activation energy | ||
molar gas constant | material constant | ||
preheating temperature | peak temperature | ||
thermal conductivity | the time suitable for grain growth | ||
q | linear energy input | YS | yield strength |
UTS | ultimate tensile strength |
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Element | Cr | Ni | Mo | Mn | Si | C | S | P | N | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 18.39 | 12.5 | 2.25 | 1.69 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.013 | balance |
Group | Wire Feed Speed (mm × s−1) | Travel Speed (mm × s−1) | Voltage (V) | Current (A) | LEI (J × mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low LEI | 50 | 8 | 14.4 | 122 | 219 |
High LEI | 83 | 5 | 18.2 | 162 | 590 |
Microstructure Characteristics | The Studied Steel | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low LEI- High CR | Low LEI- Medium CR | Low LEI- Low CR | High LEI- High CR | High LEI- Medium CR | High LEI- Low CR | |
Primary dendrites spacing (μm) | 18 | 21 | 27 | 23 | 27 | 32 |
δ-ferrite contents (%) | 17.3 | 16.2 | 14.5 | 17.7 | 16.2 | 13.2 |
Mechanical Properties | The Studied Steel | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low LEI- High CR | Low LEI- Medium CR | Low LEI- Low CR | High LEI- High CR | High LEI- Medium CR | High LEI- Low CR | |
Yield stress (MPa) | ||||||
Ultimate tensile stress (MPa) | ||||||
Elongation (%) |
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Long, P.; Wen, D.; Min, J.; Zheng, Z.; Li, J.; Liu, Y. Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter. Materials 2021, 14, 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071681
Long P, Wen D, Min J, Zheng Z, Li J, Liu Y. Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter. Materials. 2021; 14(7):1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071681
Chicago/Turabian StyleLong, Ping, Dongxu Wen, Jie Min, Zhizhen Zheng, Jianjun Li, and Yanxing Liu. 2021. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel: Effect of Processing Parameter" Materials 14, no. 7: 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071681