Neutron and X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Macro and Phase-Specific Micro Residual Stresses in Deep Rolled Duplex Stainless Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Deep Rolling Procedure
3. Experimental Procedures
3.1. Neutron Diffraction
3.2. X-ray Diffraction
3.3. Incremental Hole Drilling Method
3.4. Microhardness Testing
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Phase-Specific Work Hardening
4.2. Texture and Texture Evolution
4.3. Phase-Specific Residual Stress
5. Conclusions
- The comparison of the macro RS distributions impressively shows that meaningful non-destructive analysis of near surface macro RS depth distributions, after deep rolling of coarse two phase materials such as duplex steels, can be carried out using neutron diffraction for depths starting at about 150–200 µm. For smaller depths, the scattered intensity is too low and the errors will not be justifiable. Therefore, close to the surface, complementary methods like X-ray stress analysis must be applied.
- It was shown that employing of neutron ray-tracing simulation to correct instrumental surface effects that usually occur in neutron through surface strain scanning is also applicable to multiphase materials and yields reliable results. Good agreements of residual stress distributions determined by using complementary analytical methods were obtained in this work.
- However, phase-specific micro RS determined by means of neutron diffraction show significant deviations to data determined by means of X-ray diffraction. This is due to the fact that the reference values determined by a small ø 1.7 mm pin sectioned from the deep rolled process zone clearly does not reflect the stress-free state. Phase-specific micro RS induced by work hardening were not entirely relaxed through the sectioning and, hence, significantly affect the lattice strain calculation.
- Furthermore, the investigations have shown that the pronounced texture of the initial state of both duplex steels was drastically changed by the deep rolling and the related work hardening. The phase-specific crystallographic texture was nearly distraught in the zone affected by work hardening. Consequently, the diffraction RS analysis by means of lab X-rays and neutrons were not affected by texture effects; hence, it was not necessary to consider crystallographic texture in the deep rolled materials region. This holds for the measurement as well as the subsequent evaluation of the diffraction data.
- Reliable diffraction stress analyses for the coarse two phase materials studied would not have been possible without the texture modification/attenuation caused by the deep rolling.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.4462 | 0–0.03 | 0–0.03 | 0–1.0 | 0–2.0 | 0–0.035 | 0–0.015 | 21.0–23.0 | 2.5–3.5 | 4.5–6.5 | 0.1–0.22 |
1.4460 | 0–0.05 | 0–0.05 | 0–1.0 | 0–2.0 | 0–0.035 | 0–0.03 | 25.0–28.0 | 1.3–2.0 | 4.5–6.5 | 0.05–0.20 |
Nominal Ferrite Content/% | Measured Ferrite Content/% | Nominal Austenite Content/% | Measured Austenite Content/% | Nominal Rp0.2/MPa | Measured Yield Strength/MPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.4462 | 50 | 44 ± 4% | 50 | 56 ± 4% | 448 [24] | 575 |
1.4460 | 70 | 71 ± 10% | 30 | 29 ± 10% | 460 [25] | 630 |
Measurement Methods | Phase | Youngs Modulus [MPa] | Poisson’s Ratio [-] | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Neutron/X-ray | α{211} | 219,911 | 0.280 | [30] |
Neutron | γ{311} | 177,329 | 0.341 | [29] |
X-ray | γ{220} | 212,758 | 0.310 | [29] |
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Pulvermacher, S.; Bücker, T.; Šaroun, J.; Rebelo-Kornmeier, J.; Hofmann, M.; Gibmeier, J. Neutron and X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Macro and Phase-Specific Micro Residual Stresses in Deep Rolled Duplex Stainless Steels. Materials 2021, 14, 1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081854
Pulvermacher S, Bücker T, Šaroun J, Rebelo-Kornmeier J, Hofmann M, Gibmeier J. Neutron and X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Macro and Phase-Specific Micro Residual Stresses in Deep Rolled Duplex Stainless Steels. Materials. 2021; 14(8):1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081854
Chicago/Turabian StylePulvermacher, Samuel, Tobias Bücker, Jan Šaroun, Joana Rebelo-Kornmeier, Michael Hofmann, and Jens Gibmeier. 2021. "Neutron and X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Macro and Phase-Specific Micro Residual Stresses in Deep Rolled Duplex Stainless Steels" Materials 14, no. 8: 1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081854