Laboratory Characterization of Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Aramid Fibers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Aramid Fibers
1.3. Objective and Methodology
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Permeability Test
2.2. Cantabro Test
2.3. Indirect Tensile Strength Test
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Air Voids and Permeability
3.2. Cantabro Test
3.3. Indirect Tensile Strength Test
3.4. Toughness
4. Conclusions
- With this percentage of binder, the addition of fibers had a negligible influence on the permeability of porous asphalt mixtures. The air void contents of all the mixtures with fibers were quite similar and exceeded 20%.
- Aramid fibers enhanced the abrasion resistance of the mixtures. ARLat fibers displayed the best performance with similar results to PMB. While ARPoly reduced the abrasion resistance of the mixtures under wet conditions.
- All aramid fibers were shown to have a positive effect on the dry ITS values of porous asphalt mixtures, although the observed increment was low. Particularly, ARPoly and RegAR fibers improve the ITS under dry conditions by up to 8% and 10%, respectively.
- Under wet conditions, the fibers considerably reduce the ITS of porous asphalt mixtures. This may be because of the high susceptibility of aramid fibers to the presence of moisture or to requiring higher bitumen content. Additionally, it was found that the polymer coating on fibers minimized the damage caused due to penetration of moisture; as coated fibers (ARPoly and ARLat) showed better results in comparison to uncoated aramid fibers.
- Concerning the post cracking energy, significant improvement was observed by incorporation of polyurethane coating (ARPoly) and use of higher length fibers (AR12) fibers under dry conditions. The possible explanation may be polyurethane coating increases the durability while a higher length of fibers of AR12 facilitates more deformation at the same stress. Meanwhile, shorter length (RegAR) and latex coated fibers ARLat had adverse effects on post cracking energy.
- Aramid fibers had a negative impact on the fracture energy of porous asphalt mixtures in dry conditions, but their impact is negligible under wet conditions. The fibers did not achieve the behavior of PMB.
- Overall, aramid fibers were found to be susceptible to moisture, which is reflected by reduction in ITS and toughness of the mixtures under wet conditions. Higher percentages of binder would be required to facilitate the strengthening and anti-drainage capacity of the aramid fibers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Standard | Virgin Binder 50/70 | PMB 45/80-65 |
---|---|---|---|
Relative Density | EN 15326 | 1.035 | 1.028 |
Penetration (0.1 mm) | EN 1426 | 57 | 55 |
Softening point (°C) | EN 1427 | 51.6 | 74.1 |
Frass point (°C) | EN 12593 | −13 | - |
Elastic Recovery at 25 °C (%) | EN 13398 | - | 92 |
Fibers | ||||
Properties | RegAR | ARLat | ARPoly | AR12 |
Coating | none | Resorcinal formaldehyde latex (RFL) | Polyurethane | none |
Density (g/cc) | 1.39 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.44 |
tensile strength (GPa) | 3.2–3.5 | 3.2–3.5 | 2.7–3.6 | 2.7–3.6 |
Length (mm) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 12 |
Moisture (%) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
Mineral Aggregates | ||||
Properties | Standard | Coarse Aggregates | Fine Aggregates | Limits |
Specific Weight (g/cm3) | EN 1097-6 | 2.787 | 2.705 | - |
Los Angeles (%) | EN 1097-2 | 15 | - | ≤15% |
Flakiness Index (%) | EN 933-3 | 12 | - | ≤20% |
Sand equivalent (%) | EN 933-8 | - | 78 | >55 |
Short Name of Mixtures | Bitumen | Fiber Content (by wt. of Mix) | Bitumen Content (by wt. of Mix) |
---|---|---|---|
VB | Virgin binder 50/70 | - | 4.5 |
PMB | 45/80-65 | - | |
RegAR | Virgin binder 50/70 | 0.05 | |
ARLat | Virgin binder 50/70 | 0.05 | |
ARPoly | Virgin binder 50/70 | 0.05 | |
AR12 | Virgin binder 50/70 | 0.05 |
Authors | Minimum Permeability (mm/day) | Standards |
---|---|---|
Cetin 2013 [47]; Andres-Valeri 2018 [48] | 1.15 | ASTM D7064-04, ASTM D3637 |
Sangiorgi 2016 [49] | 0.5 | Italian technical specifications |
ASCE 2013 [50] | 1.2 | - |
Mallick et al. [51] | 1.16 | - |
Mixture | p-Value | Group | Percent Change w.r.t VB (%) | Percent Change w.r.t PMB (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry conditions | ||||
VB | <0.05 | A | - | - |
PMB | A, B | - | - | |
RegAR | A | ↑ 7.2 | ↓ 31.65 | |
ARLat | B | ↑ 46.9 | ↑ 24.72 | |
ARPoly | A | ↑ 5.3 | ↓ 34.29 | |
AR12 | A | ↑ 8.7 | ↓ 29.57 | |
Wet conditions | ||||
VB | <0.05 | A, B | - | - |
PMB | B | - | - | |
RegAR | A, B | ↑ 8.99 | ↓ 42.21 | |
ARLat | B | ↑ 32.60 | ↓ 5.32 | |
ARPoly | A | ↓ 29.59 | ↓ 102.50 | |
AR12 | A, B | ↑ 11.24 | ↓ 38.70 |
Mixture | p-Value | Group | Percent Change w.r.t VB (%) | Percent Change w.r.t PMB (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry conditions | ||||
VB | <0.05 | A | - | - |
PMB | A, B | - | - | |
RegAR | B, C | ↑ 8.3 | ↓ 0.1 | |
ARLat | C | ↑ 2.9 | ↓ 5.1 | |
ARPoly | A, B, | ↑ 10 | ↑ 1.4 | |
AR12 | A, B, C | ↑ 5.8 | ↓ 2.4 | |
Wet conditions | ||||
VB | <0.05 | A | - | - |
PMB | A | - | - | |
RegAR | C | ↓ 27.3 | ↓ 32.9 | |
ARLat | B, C | ↓ 20.6 | ↓ 26.7 | |
ARPoly | B | ↓ 15.5 | ↓ 22.1 | |
AR12 | C | ↓ 27.7 | ↓ 33.3 |
Mixture | Group | Percent Change w.r.t VB (%) | Percent Change w.r.t PMB (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Dry conditions | |||
VB | A, B | - | - |
PMB | B, C | - | - |
RegAR | A, B | ↓ 35.23 | ↓ 24.14 |
ARLat | C | ↓ 24.86 | ↓ 12.00 |
ARPoly | A | ↑ 0.32 | ↑ 17.50 |
AR12 | A | ↑ 0.22 | ↑ 17.38 |
Wet conditions | |||
VB | A, B | - | - |
PMB | A | - | - |
RegAR | D | ↓ 3.14 | ↓ 37.89 |
ARLat | C | ↑ 1.02 | ↓ 35.23 |
ARPoly | B, C | ↑ 22.39 | ↓ 21.52 |
AR12 | C | ↑ 10.91 | ↓ 28.89 |
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Gupta, A.; Lastra-Gonzalez, P.; Castro-Fresno, D.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. Laboratory Characterization of Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Aramid Fibers. Materials 2021, 14, 1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081935
Gupta A, Lastra-Gonzalez P, Castro-Fresno D, Rodriguez-Hernandez J. Laboratory Characterization of Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Aramid Fibers. Materials. 2021; 14(8):1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081935
Chicago/Turabian StyleGupta, Anik, Pedro Lastra-Gonzalez, Daniel Castro-Fresno, and Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez. 2021. "Laboratory Characterization of Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Aramid Fibers" Materials 14, no. 8: 1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081935