Effect of Fiber Content and Alignment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Raw Materials and Mix Design
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Flowability
2.4. Flexural Strength
2.5. Compressive Strength
2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Fiber Micro-Reinforcement Mechanical Behavior
3.2. Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on Flowability of Cementitious Material
3.3. Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction on Mechanical Properties of Testing Samples
3.4. Effect of Fiber Alignment on the Mechanical Properties of Test Samples
3.5. Failure Mode
4. Conclusions
- (1).
- With the increase of fiber volume ratio, the flexural strengths of samples will increase dramatically while the compressive strengths will be decreased slightly. For example, compared with G0, the flexural strength of G1 achieves 9.38 MPa increased by 483% and G1d measures 5.28 MPa enhanced by 228%, while the compressive strength of G1 and G1d are down to 17.34 MPa and 20.32 MPa decreased by 29.6% and 17.5%.
- (2).
- Fiber alignment has an important impact and is a good method to significantly improve the flexural properties of specimens. Compared with G1d, the flexural performance of G1 has a relative enhancement of 78% and that of G2 is relatively enhanced by 128%.
- (3).
- The application of the revised container by changing the corners from rectangle to arc is meaningful to improve the smoothness in the extrusion process. More importantly, the revised container has a better fiber alignment than the traditional container from SEM images.
- (4).
- The nozzle diameter plays an important role in fiber alignment. When the nozzle diameter is smaller than that of the fiber, fiber in the mixed cement will be aligned along the stress direction. If the nozzle diameter is much larger than the fiber length, the fibers of the composite material are randomly distributed.
- (5).
- The printed samples show an obvious anisotropic behavior. The flexural strengths of G1 of Fz and Fy are increased by 76.6% and 41.6%, respectively, while they are decreased by 19.8% in the X direction compared with G1c. For the compression test, the average strengths of G1 of Fx, Fy and Fz are 19.6%, 31% and 43.6% lower than that of G1c.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Average Percentage by Weight (%) | |
---|---|---|
Cement P.O.42.5 | Silica Fume | |
SiO2 | 19.4–21.5 | 90–97 |
Al2O3 | 4.1–4.9 | |
Fe2O3 | 2.7–2.9 | |
CaO | 61.9–64.1 | |
MgO | 1.1–1.2 | |
SO3 | 3.0–3.2 | |
K2O | 0.6–0.7 | |
Na2O | 0.2 | |
Cl | 0.02–0.05 | |
Loss of ignition | 2.3–4.1 | <3.0 |
Density (g/cm3) | Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Length (mm) | Diameter (µm) | Elongation (%) | Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.54 | 71,000 | 2800 | 12 | 9 | 2.6 | White |
Mix ID | Weight Fraction | Fiber (by Volume) | Preparation Method | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Water Reducer Agent | Silica Fume | Water | |||
G0 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0% | Cast |
G1c | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1% | Cast |
G0.2 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.2% | 10 mm nozzle |
G0.4 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.4% | 10 mm nozzle |
G0.6 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.6% | 10 mm nozzle |
G0.8 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.8% | 10 mm nozzle |
G1 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1% | 10 mm nozzle |
G1.2 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.2% | 10 mm nozzle |
G1.4 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.4% | 10 mm nozzle |
G1.6 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.6% | 10 mm nozzle |
G1.8 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.8% | 10 mm nozzle |
G2 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 2% | 10 mm nozzle |
G0.2d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.2% | 24 mm nozzle |
G0.4d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.4% | 24 mm nozzle |
G0.6d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.6% | 24 mm nozzle |
G0.8d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.8% | 24 mm nozzle |
G1d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1% | 24 mm nozzle |
G1.2d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.2% | 24 mm nozzle |
G1.4d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.4% | 24 mm nozzle |
G1.6d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.6% | 24 mm nozzle |
G1.8d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.8% | 24 mm nozzle |
G2d | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 2% | 24 mm nozzle |
Fiber Content (%) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2 |
Spreading Diameter (mm) | 241 | 225 | 211 | 197 | 182 | 173 | 158 | 143 | 129 | 112 |
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Zhang, H.; Zhu, L.; Zhang, F.; Yang, M. Effect of Fiber Content and Alignment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Composites. Materials 2021, 14, 2223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092223
Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhang F, Yang M. Effect of Fiber Content and Alignment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Composites. Materials. 2021; 14(9):2223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092223
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hao, Liming Zhu, Fan Zhang, and Mijia Yang. 2021. "Effect of Fiber Content and Alignment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Composites" Materials 14, no. 9: 2223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092223