Building and Breaking Bonds by Homogenous Nucleation in Glass-Forming Melts Leading to Transitions in Three Liquid States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Homogeneous Nucleation
3. Exothermic or Endothermic Heats Observed above the Melting Temperature Tm
3.1. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at 688 K in Al88Ni10Y2 for Tm = 602 K
3.2. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at Tn+ = 1622 K in (Fe71.2B24Y4.8)96Nb4
3.3. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at 1835 K in Ni77.5B22.5.
3.4. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at 1356 K in Cu47.5Zr45.1Al7.4
3.5. Endothermic Enthalpy Recovered at 1453–1475 K in a Silicate Liquid
3.6. Endothermic Enthalpy Recovered at 1114 K in Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (Vit1)
3.7. Endothermic Enthalpy Recovered at 980–1000 K for Tm = 876–881 K in PdNiP Liquid Alloys
4. Predictions of Enthalpy Recovery Temperatures at Tn+ > Tm
4.1. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at Tn+ = 688 K in Al88Ni10Y2
4.2. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at Tn+ = 1622 K in (Fe71.2B24Y4.8)96Nb4
4.3. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at Tn+ = 1835 K in Ni77.5B22.5
4.4. Exothermic Enthalpy Delivered at Tn+ = 1356 K in Cu47.5Zr45.1Al7.4
4.5. Endothermic Enthalpy Recovered at Tn+ = 1470 K in a Silicate Liquid
4.6. Endothermic Enthalpy Recovered at Tn+ = 1114 K in Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (Vit1)
5. Three Liquid States above the Melting Temperature
6. First-Order Liquid–Liquid Transitions Observed in Pd42.5Ni42.5P15, La50Al35Ni15, and Fe2B
6.1. Pd42.5Ni42.5P15
6.1.1. Fast Differential Scanning Calorimetry at 100 K/s
6.1.2. Melting Transition Observed at 993 K above the Solidus Temperature Tsol = 876 K of Pd42.5Ni42.5P15
6.1.3. First-Order Transition Observed by 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
6.2. La50Al35Ni15
6.3. Fe2B
7. Predictions of First-Order Transition Temperatures by Homogenous Nucleation in Pd42.5Ni42.5P15, La50Al35Ni15 and Fe2B Melts
7.1. Predictions of Transitions in Pd42.5Ni42.5P15 Melt
7.2. Predictions of First-Order Transitions in La50Al35Ni15 Glass-Forming Melt
7.3. Predictions of Glass Transition Temperature of Fe2B Melt
7.4. One Liquid–Liquid Transition at Tn+ = TLL in Congruent Materials and Two in the Others
8. Perspectives: Mpemba Effect and Bonding-Antibonding of Superatoms
8.1. Mpemba Effect and Its Inverse Relation to the Existence of Three Liquid States above the Melting Temperature
8.2. Three Liquid States Associated with Bonding–Antibonding of Superatoms
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tournier, R.F.; Ojovan, M.I. Building and Breaking Bonds by Homogenous Nucleation in Glass-Forming Melts Leading to Transitions in Three Liquid States. Materials 2021, 14, 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092287
Tournier RF, Ojovan MI. Building and Breaking Bonds by Homogenous Nucleation in Glass-Forming Melts Leading to Transitions in Three Liquid States. Materials. 2021; 14(9):2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092287
Chicago/Turabian StyleTournier, Robert F., and Michael I. Ojovan. 2021. "Building and Breaking Bonds by Homogenous Nucleation in Glass-Forming Melts Leading to Transitions in Three Liquid States" Materials 14, no. 9: 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092287