Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Synthetic Polypropylene Fiber–Reinforced Renewable Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement
2.1.2. Mixing Water and Superplasticizers (SP)
2.1.3. Aggregates (Sand and OPS)
2.1.4. Synthetic Polypropylene Fibers
2.2. Design of the Mix
2.3. Experimental Procedures
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Workability
3.2. Density
3.3. Compressive Strength
3.4. Residual Compressive Strength
3.5. Splitting Tensile Strength
3.6. Residual Splitting Tensile Strength
3.7. Flexural Strength
3.8. Thermal Conductivity
4. Conclusions
- The inclusion of synthetic polypropylene fibers deteriorated the workability. The slump value reduced from 165 mm to 96 mm and the Vebe time increased from 9.46 s to 12.26 s.
- Incorporation of synthetic polypropylene fibers in OPSLWC offered a positive effect on the mechanical properties. The bridging effect of fibers contributed to arresting the propagation of cracks, enabling stress transfer, providing an extra energy-absorbing mechanism, and was thus able to accommodate larger deformations. The presence of fibers also modified the failure mode of OPSLWC under compression and splitting tensions.
- The positive effect of fibers on the compressive strength was more pronounced in OPSLWC–HYB–0.4% with the highest volume fraction. Enhancements of 4.8% to 17.4% and 11.9% to 17% were observed in 28 days and 180 days, respectively.
- The inclusion of fibers improved the splitting tensile strength in the range of 0.5–3.4% at 28 days and 1.4–8.7% at 90 days.
- The hybrid synthetic polypropylene fiber showed the most pronounced effect in enhancing residual strength for both compressive strength and splitting tensile strength.
- The effect of fibers on thermal conductivity varied depending on the type of fiber added. Monofilament polypropylene straight (MPS) increased thermal conductivity, while barchip polypropylene straight (BPS) lowered the thermal conductivity.
- The flexural strength of OPSLWC was improved by 24.3% to 38.8% with the reinforcement of fibers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Specifications | Chemical Composition (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOI | Specific Gravity | Blaine’s specific surface area (cm2/g) | SiO2 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | Al2O3 | SO3 |
0.64 | 3.14 | 3510 | 21.28 | 64.64 | 3.36 | 2.06 | 5.60 | 2.14 |
Physical Property | OPS | Unit |
---|---|---|
Maximum size | 10 | mm |
Specific gravity (SSD state) | 1.30 | g/cm3 |
Aggregate impact value | 2.33 | % |
Compacted bulk density | 632 | kg/m3 |
Water absorption | 2.34 | % |
Fibres | Fibre Type | Length (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Aspect Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
| Monofilament polypropylene straight (MPS) | 25 | 0.5 | 50 |
| Barchip polypropylene straight(BPS) | 25 | 1.5 | 17 |
Mix Codes. | Types of Fibres Added | Volume Fractions (%) |
---|---|---|
OPSLWC 1–CTR 2–0% 3 | – | 0 |
OPSLWC–MPS–0.1% | MPS | 0.1 |
OPSLWC–BPS–0.3% | BPS | 0.3 |
OPSLWC–HYB–0.4% | MPS + BPS | 0.1 + 0.3 |
Mix Code | Workability | |
---|---|---|
Slump Value (cm) | Vebe Time (s) | |
OPSLWC–CTR–0% | 165 | 9.46 |
OPSLWC–MPS–0.1% | 154 | 10.55 |
OPSLWC–BPS–0.3% | 110 | 11.09 |
OPSLWC–HYB–0.4% | 96 | 12.26 |
Mix Code | DD (kg/m3) | ODD (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|
OPSLWC–CTR–0% | 2095.0 | 1976.5 |
OPSLWC–MPS–0.1% | 2088.6 | 1963.8 |
OPSLWC–BPS–0.3% | 2062.8 | 1952.4 |
OPSLWC–HYB–0.4% | 2047.4 | 1936.7 |
Mix Code | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 day | 7 days | 28 days | 56 days | 90 days | 180 days | |
OPSLWC– CTR–0% | 18.66 (74.6%) | 24.23 (96.8%) | 25.02 (100%) | 25.95 (103.7%) | 25.99 (103.9%) | 26.88 (107.4%) |
OPSLWC– MPS–0.1% | 23.09 (88.1%) | 24.68 (94.1%) | 26.22 (100%) | 26.80 (102.2%) | 27.00 (103%) | 30.07 (114.7%) |
OPSLWC– BPS–0.3% | 20.45 (75.6%) | 23.53 (87%) | 27.04 (100%) | 27.30 (101%) | 27.70 (102.4%) | 30.39 (112.4%) |
OPSLWC– HYB–0.4% | 21.05 (71.6%) | 24.19 (82.3%) | 29.38 (100%) | 29.88 (101.7%) | 29.92 (101.8%) | 31.45 (107%) |
Mix Code | FLCS (MPa) | SLCS (MPa) | TLCS (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
OPSLWC–CTR–0% | 25.02 | 16.22 (64.8%) | 10.24 (40.9%) |
OPSLWC–MPS–0.1% | 26.22 | 21.66 (82.6%) | 19.5 (74.4%) |
OPSLWC–BPS–0.3% | 27.04 | 23.53 (87.0%) | 20.21 (74.7%) |
OPSLWC–HYB–0.4% | 29.38 | 26.14 (89.0%) | 24.47 (83.3%) |
Mix Code | FLSTS (MPa) | SLSTS (MPa) | TLSTS (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
OPSLWC–CTR–0% | 2.08 | – | – |
OPSLWC–MPS–0.1% | 2.09 | 1.06 (50.7%) | 0.61 (29.2%) |
OPSLWC–BPS–0.3% | 2.11 | 1.32 (62.6%) | 1.02 (48.3%) |
OPSLWC–HYB–0.4% | 2.15 | 1.74 (80.9%) | 1.43 (66.5%) |
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Loh, L.T.; Yew, M.K.; Yew, M.C.; Beh, J.H.; Lee, F.W.; Lim, S.K.; Kwong, K.Z. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Synthetic Polypropylene Fiber–Reinforced Renewable Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Concrete. Materials 2021, 14, 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092337
Loh LT, Yew MK, Yew MC, Beh JH, Lee FW, Lim SK, Kwong KZ. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Synthetic Polypropylene Fiber–Reinforced Renewable Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Concrete. Materials. 2021; 14(9):2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092337
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoh, Leong Tatt, Ming Kun Yew, Ming Chian Yew, Jing Han Beh, Foo Wei Lee, Siong Kang Lim, and Kok Zee Kwong. 2021. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Synthetic Polypropylene Fiber–Reinforced Renewable Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Concrete" Materials 14, no. 9: 2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092337