Mechanical Characteristics of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Modified Asphalt Mixes: A Comparison with Polymer- and Not-Modified Asphalt Mixes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Not-modified mixture;
- (2)
- “Soft” modified asphalt concrete contains standard thermoplastic polymer additive Superplast (in this paper the terms “soft and “hard” refer to the lowest and a highest polymer additive content, respectively);
- (3)
- “Hard” modified asphalt concrete contains SBS (styrene–butadiene–styrene);
- (4)
- “Hard” GNP-modified asphalt concrete (this mixture contains the compound of polymers, recycled hard plastic, and GNPs Gipave® by Iterchimica srl).
2. Materials and Methods
- Section 1 (S1) is 265 m long, between km 15 + 800 and km 16 + 065, is composed of modified asphalt concrete with GNPs;
- Section 2 (S2) is 179 m long, between km 16 + 121 and km 16 + 330, is composed of “hard” modified asphalt concrete with SBS;
- Section 3 (S3) is 228 m long, between km 16 + 332 and km 16 + 560, is composed of “soft” modified asphalt concrete with Superplast;
- Section 4 (S4) is 172 m long, between km 16 + 680 and km 16 + 825, is composed of not-modified asphalt concrete.
2.1. Volumetric Characteristics
2.2. Physical-Mechanical Properties
2.2.1. Indirect Tensile Strength and Water Sensitivity
2.2.2. Stiffness Modulus
2.2.3. Fatigue Resistance
3. Results
3.1. Volumetric Characteristics
3.2. Physical and Mechanical Characteristics
3.2.1. Indirect Tensile Strength
3.2.2. Water Sensitivity
3.2.3. Stiffness Modulus
3.2.4. Fatigue Resistance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tozzo, C.; D’Andrea, A.; Al-Qadi, I.L. Prediction of fatigue failure at asphalt concrete layer interface from monotonic testing. Transp. Res. Rec. 2015, 2507, 50–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moretti, L.; Mandrone, V.; D’Andrea, A.; Caro, S. Evaluation of the environmental and human health impact of road construction activities. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 1004–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trunzo, G.; Moretti, L.; D’Andrea, A. Life cycle analysis of road construction and use. Sustainability 2019, 11, 377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moretti, L.; Di Mascio, P.; D’Andrea, A. Environmental impact assessment of road asphalt pavements. Mod. Appl. Sci. 2013, 7, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, A.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.; Castro-Fresno, D. Incorporation of additives and fibers in porous asphalt mixtures: A review. Materials 2019, 12, 3156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Slebi-Acevedo, C.J.; Lastra-González, P.; Pascual-Muñoz, P.; Castro-Fresno, D. Mechanical performance of fibers in hot mix asphalt: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 200, 756–769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abiola, O.S.; Kupolati, W.K.; Sadiku, E.R.; Ndambuki, J.M. Utilisation of natural fibre as modifier in bituminous mixes: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 54, 305–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behnood, A. A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies: Effects on thermo-mechanical and rheological properties. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 259, 120817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, T.; Xiao, F.; Amirkhanian, S.; Huang, W.; Zheng, M. A review on low temperature performances of rubberized asphalt materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 145, 483–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiore, N.; Caro, S.; D’Andrea, A.; Scarsella, M. Evaluation of bitumen modification with crumb rubber obtained through a high pressure water jet (HPWJ) process. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 151, 682–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behnood, A.; Modiri Gharehveran, M. Morphology, rheology, and physical properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders. Eur. Polym. J. 2019, 112, 766–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balaguera, A.; Carvajal, G.I.; Albertí, J.; Fullana-i-Palmer, P. Life cycle assessment of road construction alternative materials: A literature review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 132, 37–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polacco, G.; Filippi, S.; Merusi, F.; Stastna, G. A review of the fundamentals of polymer-modified asphalts: Asphalt/polymer interactions and principles of compatibility. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 224, 72–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalantar, Z.N.; Karim, M.R.; Mahrez, A. A review of using waste and virgin polymer in pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 33, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shafabakhsh, G.; Taghipoor, M.; Sadeghnejad, M.; Tahami, S.A. Evaluating the effect of additives on improving asphalt mixtures fatigue behavior. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 90, 59–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fusco, R.; Moretti, L.; Fiore, N.; D’andrea, A. Behavior evaluation of bituminous mixtures reinforced with nano-sized additives: A review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crucho, J.; Picado-Santos, L.; Neves, J.; Capitão, S. A review of nanomaterials’ effect on mechanical performance and aging of asphalt mixtures. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Teizer, J.; Venugopal, M.; Teizer, W.; Felkl, J. Nanotechnology and Its Impact on Construction: Bridging the Gap between Researchers and Industry Professionals. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 2012, 138, 594–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santagata, E.; Baglieri, O.; Tsantilis, L.; Chiappinelli, G.; Dalmazzo, D. Bituminous-based nanocomposites with improved high-temperature properties. Compos. Part B Eng. 2016, 99, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galooyak, S.S.; Dabir, B.; Nazarbeygi, A.E.; Moeini, A. Rheological properties and storage stability of bitumen/SBS/montmorillonite composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2010, 24, 300–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steyn, W.J. Applications of Nanotechnology in Road Pavement Engineering. In Nanotechnology in Civil Infrastructure; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 49–83. [Google Scholar]
- Santagata, E.; Baglieri, O.; Tsantilis, L.; Dalmazzo, D. Rheological Characterization of Bituminous Binders Modified with Carbon Nanotubes. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012, 53, 546–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moreno-Navarro, F.; Sol-Sánchez, M.; Gámiz, F.; Rubio-Gámez, M.C. Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene-modified asphalt binders. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 180, 265–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Tighe, S. A Review of Advances of Nanotechnology in Asphalt Mixtures. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2013, 96, 1269–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yao, H.; Li, L.; Xie, H.; Dan, H.-C.; Yang, X.-L. Microstructure and Performance Analysis of Nanomaterials Modified Asphalt. In Proceedings of the Road Materials and New Innovations in Pavement Engineering; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, VA, USA, 2011; pp. 220–228. [Google Scholar]
- Hossain, Z.; Zaman, M.; Saha, M.C.; Hawa, T. Evaluation of Viscosity and Rutting Properties of Nanoclay-Modified Asphalt Binders. In Proceedings of the Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, VA, USA, 2014; pp. 3695–3702. [Google Scholar]
- Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology—1st Edition—Gabor L. Available online: https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Nanoscience-and-Nanotechnology/Hornyak-Tibbals-Dutta-Moore/p/book/9781420047790 (accessed on 27 March 2021).
- Yusoff, N.I.M.; Breem, A.A.S.; Alattug, H.N.M.; Hamim, A.; Ahmad, J. The effects of moisture susceptibility and ageing conditions on nano-silica/polymer-modified asphalt mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 72, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arabani, M.; Faramarzi, M. Characterization of CNTs-modified HMA’s mechanical properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 83, 207–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.; Regan, W.; Geng, B.; Alemán, B.; Kessler, B.M.; Wang, F.; Crommie, M.F.; Zettl, A. High-temperature stability of suspended single-layer graphene. Phys. Status Solidi Rapid Res. Lett. 2010, 4, 302–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J.W.; Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 2008, 321, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Novoselov, K.S.; Geim, A.K.; Morozov, S.V.; Jiang, D.; Katsnelson, M.I.; Grigorieva, I.V.; Dubonos, S.V.; Firsov, A.A. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 2005, 438, 197–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brcic, H. Investigation of the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Containing Graphene Nanoplatelets. Master’s Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Martinho, F.C.G.; Farinha, J.P.S. An overview of the use of nanoclay modified bitumen in asphalt mixtures for enhanced flexible pavement performances. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2019, 20, 671–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- You, Z.; Mills-Beale, J.; Foley, J.M.; Roy, S.; Odegard, G.M.; Dai, Q.; Goh, S.W. Nanoclay-modified asphalt materials: Preparation and characterization. Constr. Build. Mater. 2011, 25, 1072–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jamal Khattak, M.; Khattab, A.; Rizvi, H.R. Characterization of carbon nano-fiber modified hot mix asphalt mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 40, 738–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nazari, H.; Naderi, K.; Moghadas Nejad, F. Improving aging resistance and fatigue performance of asphalt binders using inorganic nanoparticles. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 170, 591–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santagata, E.; Baglieri, O.; Tsantilis, L.; Chiappinelli, G. Fatigue and healing properties of nano-reinforced bituminous binders. Int. J. Fatigue 2015, 80, 30–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, K.; Zhang, K.; Wu, J.; Muhunthan, B.; Shi, X. Evaluation of mechanical performance and modification mechanism of asphalt modified with graphene oxide and warm mix additives. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 193, 87–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, L.; Shi, X.; Xue, J. Laboratory evaluation of composed modified asphalt binder and mixture containing nano-silica/rock asphalt/SBS. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 172, 204–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golestani, B.; Nam, B.H.; Moghadas Nejad, F.; Fallah, S. Nanoclay application to asphalt concrete: Characterization of polymer and linear nanocomposite-modified asphalt binder and mixture. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 91, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crucho, J.M.L.; das Neves, J.M.C.; Capitão, S.D.; de Picado-Santos, L.G. Mechanical performance of asphalt concrete modified with nanoparticles: Nanosilica, zero-valent iron and nanoclay. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 181, 309–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, L.; Xin, X.; Ren, J. Asphalt modification using nano-materials and polymers composite considering high and low temperature performance. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 133, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, C.; Yu, R.; Liu, S.; Li, Y. Nanomaterials applied in asphalt modification: A review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2013, 29, 589–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziyani, L.; Boulangé, L.; Nicolaï, A.; Mouillet, V. Bitumen extraction and recovery in road industry: A global methodology in solvent substitution from a comprehensive review. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 161, 53–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Te Hsieh, C.; Chen, J.M.; Kuo, R.R.; Lin, T.S.; Wu, C.F. Influence of surface roughness on water- and oil-repellent surfaces coated with nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2005, 240, 318–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mix ID | ID Layer | Layer | Type | ID Modifier | Modifier/Bitumen (% by Weight) | RAP Surface Layer (%) | Renovator/RAP (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | W1 | wearing | GNP based compound | GNP | 5 | 30 | 0.2 |
B1 | binder | 40 | |||||
M2 | W2 | wearing | hard | SBS | 5 | 30 | |
B2 | binder | 40 | |||||
M3 | W3 | wearing | soft | Superplast | 3 | 30 | |
B3 | binder | 40 | |||||
M4 | W4 | wearing | not modified | - | - | 30 | |
B4 | binder | 40 |
Layer | ID Mix | Bitumen/Mixture (%) |
---|---|---|
wearing | W1 | 5.95 |
W2 | 6.45 | |
W3 | 6.62 | |
W4 | 6.32 | |
binder | B1 | 4.78 |
B2 | 5.03 | |
B3 | 4.41 | |
B4 | 3.80 |
Layer | ID Mix | Average Voids (%) | Standard Deviation (%) |
---|---|---|---|
wearing | W1 | 6.61 | 0.293 |
W2 | 6.15 | 0.192 | |
W3 | 5.65 | 0.207 | |
W4 | 6.50 | 0.192 | |
binder | B1 | 5.16 | 0.272 |
B2 | 4.85 | 0.259 | |
B3 | 5.30 | 0.278 | |
B4 | 5.99 | 0.218 |
Layer | ID mix | 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | Average (MPa) | Standard Deviation (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wearing | W1 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.91 | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.91 | 1.92 | 0.011 |
W2 | 1.67 | 1.61 | 1.64 | 1.67 | 1.65 | 1.61 | 1.63 | 0.025 | |
W3 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.87 | 1.83 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.85 | 0.018 | |
W4 | 1.59 | 1.58 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 1.55 | 1.56 | 1.59 | 0.016 | |
binder | B1 | 1.95 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 1.95 | 1.94 | 1.90 | 1.94 | 0.018 |
B2 | 1.58 | 1.57 | 1.56 | 1.60 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 1.56 | 0.021 | |
B3 | 1.88 | 1.90 | 1.99 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.95 | 1.93 | 0.037 | |
B4 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 1.90 | 1.92 | 1.91 | 0.016 |
Layer | ID Mix | 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | Average (%) | Standard Deviation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wearing | W1 | 96.2 | 91.8 | 91.8 | 95.9 | 95.6 | 92.7 | 94.0 | 1.23 |
W2 | 89.7 | 96.3 | 88.9 | 93.2 | 96.9 | 93.2 | 93.1 | 1.41 | |
W3 | 89.9 | 86.3 | 87.9 | 85.8 | 88.6 | 90.3 | 88.1 | 1.14 | |
W4 | 87.4 | 89.9 | 86.9 | 90.1 | 87.9 | 90.1 | 88.7 | 2.84 | |
binder | B1 | 94.39 | 96.80 | 94.11 | 94.94 | 92.22 | 91.49 | 94.1 | 0.86 |
B2 | 89.93 | 96.37 | 91.25 | 89.62 | 94.86 | 96.33 | 92.7 | 1.26 | |
B3 | 89.91 | 85.02 | 90.40 | 87.67 | 87.61 | 88.11 | 90.8 | 1.23 | |
B4 | 88.61 | 92.57 | 88.64 | 88.96 | 88.75 | 88.75 | 90.6 | 1.63 |
ID mix | Stiffness Modulus (MPa) | Vm (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T = 5 °C | T = 25 °C | T = 40 °C | |||||
Average | Standard Deviation (MPa) | Average | Standard Deviation (MPa) | Average | Standard Deviation (MPa) | ||
W4 | 7843 | 35 | 1807 | 7 | 895 | 49 | 5.6 |
W3 | 8559 | 21 | 2383 | 35 | 1170 | 19 | 5.7 |
W2 | 8682 | 36 | 2538 | 34 | 1302 | 20 | 5.5 |
W1 | 8760 | 76 | 2649 | 32 | 1364 | 32 | 5.6 |
B4 | 7738 | 20 | 1612 | 10 | 746 | 40 | 5.3 |
B3 | 8320 | 26 | 1840 | 12 | 898 | 4 | 5.3 |
B2 | 8499 | 30 | 1976 | 22 | 960 | 19 | 5.4 |
B1 | 8565 | 56 | 2010 | 33 | 1020 | 44 | 5.2 |
Layer | ε0 (µε) | σ0 (kPa) | N(2ε0) | Nf |
---|---|---|---|---|
W4 | 200 | 185 | 39,010 | 114,720 |
W3 | 230 | 47,360 | 130,440 | |
W2 | 370 | 55,230 | 150,100 | |
W1 | 230 | 66,310 | 172,010 | |
W4 | 250 | 280 | 9100 | 25,900 |
W3 | 390 | 13,630 | 34,220 | |
W2 | 240 | 18,100 | 48,790 | |
W1 | 300 | 23,180 | 56,130 | |
W4 | 300 | 420 | 2800 | 10,250 |
W3 | 260 | 3910 | 13,990 | |
W2 | 330 | 4310 | 15,740 | |
W1 | 440 | 4950 | 17,330 |
Layer | ε0 (µε) | σ0 (kPa) | N(2ε0) | Nf |
---|---|---|---|---|
B4 | 200 | 185 | 36,410 | 110,640 |
B3 | 200 | 41,150 | 127,250 | |
B2 | 320 | 52,100 | 148,210 | |
B1 | 180 | 62,980 | 170,940 | |
B4 | 250 | 220 | 8950 | 23,290 |
B3 | 330 | 11,910 | 31,100 | |
B2 | 180 | 16,720 | 44,640 | |
B1 | 230 | 20,220 | 50,550 | |
B4 | 300 | 335 | 2480 | 9950 |
B3 | 190 | 3150 | 11,070 | |
B2 | 230 | 3750 | 12,650 | |
B1 | 335 | 4350 | 14,050 |
Layer | ε0 (με) | NWx,2ε0/NW1,2ε0 | NWx,f/NW1,f |
---|---|---|---|
W4 | 200 | 70% | 50% |
250 | 155% | 117% | |
350 | 77% | 69% | |
W3 | 200 | 40% | 32% |
250 | 70% | 64% | |
350 | 27% | 24% | |
W2 | 200 | 20% | 15% |
250 | 28% | 15% | |
350 | 15% | 10% |
Layer | ε0 (με) | NBx,2ε0/NB1,2ε0 | NBx,f/NB1,f |
---|---|---|---|
B4 | 200 | 73% | 55% |
250 | 126% | 117% | |
350 | 75% | 41% | |
B3 | 200 | 53% | 34% |
250 | 70% | 63% | |
350 | 38% | 27% | |
B2 | 200 | 21% | 15% |
250 | 21% | 13% | |
350 | 16% | 11% |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Moretti, L.; Fabrizi, N.; Fiore, N.; D’Andrea, A. Mechanical Characteristics of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Modified Asphalt Mixes: A Comparison with Polymer- and Not-Modified Asphalt Mixes. Materials 2021, 14, 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092434
Moretti L, Fabrizi N, Fiore N, D’Andrea A. Mechanical Characteristics of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Modified Asphalt Mixes: A Comparison with Polymer- and Not-Modified Asphalt Mixes. Materials. 2021; 14(9):2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092434
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoretti, Laura, Nico Fabrizi, Nicola Fiore, and Antonio D’Andrea. 2021. "Mechanical Characteristics of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Modified Asphalt Mixes: A Comparison with Polymer- and Not-Modified Asphalt Mixes" Materials 14, no. 9: 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092434