Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of X70 Steel under the Action of Capillary Water in Saline Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. X70 Steel Specimens
2.1.2. Soil Specimens
2.2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water-Salt Migration Patterns under Capillary Water Action in Saline Soils
3.1.1. Variation of Volumetric Water Content at Different Locations in the Soil Column
3.1.2. Variation of Conductivity at Different Locations in the Soil Column
3.2. Polarization Curves of X70 Steel in Saline Soils under Capillary Action
3.2.1. Effect of Different Salt Content on the Polarization Curve of X70 Steel under Capillary Action
3.2.2. Effect of Different Heights on the Polarization Curve of X70 Steel under Capillary Action
3.3. Electrochemical Impedance Characteristics of X70 Steel in Saline Soils under Capillary Action
3.3.1. Effect of Varying Salt Content on the Impedance Characteristics of X70 Steel under Capillary Action
3.3.2. Effect of Height on the Impedance Characteristics of X70 Steel under Capillary Action
3.4. Macroscopic Corrosion Morphology of X70 Steel under Capillary Action in Saline Soils and the Corrosion Mechanism
3.4.1. Macro and Micro Corrosion Profiles of X70 Steel
3.4.2. Corrosion Mechanism of X70 Steel under Capillary Action
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The final stable water content of the soil column decreased with increasing height, and the rate of the capillary water rise was accelerated by the NaCl content of the soil, which promoted capillary action. The transport of salts in the soil lagged relative to the transport of water. Height position 12# in the soil column was used as a dividing interface. The soil conductivity above this position showed an increasing trend with rising capillary water.
- (2)
- The corrosion current density and corrosion rate of the X70 steel specimens at the same height positions in the soil column increased with increasing NaCl content. The corrosion behavior of X70 steel at different heights in the same soil column was significantly influenced by the transport of water and salt caused by the rise of the capillary water. The rise of the capillary wetting front position led to a solid/liquid/gas three-phase interface with the X70 steel specimens that enhanced the corrosion behavior. In addition, the accumulation of salts at a specific location also enhanced the X70 steel corrosion rate at that location.
- (3)
- The electrochemical impedance spectra of X70 steel in a capillary water environment exhibited a superposition of a bicircular arc with two time constants and a straight line representing mass transfer diffusion in the low-frequency region. The radius of the high-frequency capacitive arc resistance in the Nyquist plots decreased with increasing NaCl content in the soil column. Capillary pore channels below the capillary water wetting front were easily occupied by the solution. This led to an anoxic corrosion environment that reduced the X70 steel corrosion kinetics.
- (4)
- Higher NaCl content in the soil column led to a larger area covered by corrosion products, a greater number of corrosion pits, and deeper pits on the X70 steel specimen surfaces. After the capillary water was stabilized for a period of time, the area of these pits on the surface of the X70 steel specimen at height position 57# was significantly larger than that at other height positions. The pits at position 57# were also deeper. This was due to the combined effect of the changes to a number of factors caused by the rise of capillary water.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Nb | Cu | Cr | Ni | Mo | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values/(%) | 0.050 | 1.540 | 0.190 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.070 | 0.230 | 0.200 | 0.200 | 0.190 | 0.02 |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
natural water content/(%) | 12.24 |
original dry density/(g·cm−3) | 1.490 |
maximum dry density/(g·cm−3) | 1.810 |
optimum moisture content(%) | 20.80 |
liquid limit/(%) | 30.30 |
plastic limit/(%) | 18.80 |
plastic index | 11.50 |
Water Content/(%) | NaCl Content/(%) | Dry Soil Quality/(g) | NaCl Quality/(g) | Water Quality/(g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
12.24 | 0 | 18,000 | 0 | 1689.3 |
0.3 | 18,000 | 54.0 | 1689.3 | |
1.0 | 18,000 | 180.0 | 1689.3 |
Time/(Day) | NaCl Content/(%) | Ba/(mV/dec) | Bc/(mV/dec) | RP/(Ω/cm2) | Icorr/(A/cm2) | Ecorr/V | Corrosion Rate/(mm/a) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 0.0% | 295.61 | 168.37 | 9.64 × 105 | 3.3826 × 10−8 | −0.4848 | 0.3979 × 10−3 |
0.3% | 374.03 | 168.30 | 8.19 × 105 | 6.0887 × 10−8 | −0.5913 | 0.7162 × 10−3 | |
1.0% | 730.79 | 195.88 | 6.85 × 105 | 7.8136 × 10−8 | −0.6645 | 0.9191 × 10−3 | |
28 | 0.0% | 166.12 | 120.50 | 8.90 × 105 | 4.0271 × 10−8 | −0.6224 | 0.4737 × 10−3 |
0.3% | 329.91 | 330.07 | 8.36 × 105 | 6.0692 × 10−8 | −0.6614 | 0.7139 × 10−3 | |
1.0% | 238.77 | 180.14 | 6.11 × 105 | 1.1094 × 10−7 | −0.4396 | 1.3049 × 10−3 | |
45 | 0.0% | 158.14 | 114.31 | 9.92 × 105 | 2.8260 × 10−8 | −0.5743 | 0.3324 × 10−3 |
0.3% | 1731.4 | 263.48 | 5.26 × 105 | 1.7347 × 10−7 | −0.6943 | 2.0404 × 10−3 | |
1.0% | 742.85 | 217.10 | 4.80 × 105 | 1.8616 × 10−7 | −0.6034 | 2.1896 × 10−3 |
High Position | Time/ (Day) | Ba/(mV/dec) | Bc/(mV/dec) | RP/(Ω/cm2) | Icorr/(A/cm2) | Ecorr/V | Corrosion Rate/(mm/a) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12# | 14 | 374.03 | 168.30 | 8.19 × 105 | 6.0887 × 10−8 | −0.5913 | 0.7162 × 10−3 |
28 | 329.91 | 330.07 | 8.36 × 105 | 6.0692 × 10−8 | −0.6614 | 0.7139 × 10−3 | |
45 | 1731.4 | 263.48 | 5.26 × 105 | 1.7347 × 10−7 | −0.6942 | 2.0404 × 10−3 | |
27# | 14 | 184.58 | 139.67 | 1.33 × 106 | 1.9443 × 10−8 | −0.5745 | 0.2287 × 10−3 |
28 | 313.66 | 256.77 | 6.52 × 105 | 1.0495 × 10−7 | −0.8163 | 1.2344 × 10−3 | |
45 | 441.71 | 184.82 | 8.06 × 105 | 4.5026 × 10−8 | −0.7477 | 0.5296 × 10−3 | |
42# | 14 | 454.41 | 327.71 | 8.27 × 106 | 6.5365 × 10−9 | −0.5720 | 0.0769 × 10−3 |
28 | 446.85 | 247.65 | 2.72 × 106 | 9.2309 × 10−9 | −0.6677 | 0.1086 × 10−3 | |
45 | 403.99 | 222.72 | 6.32 × 106 | 8.1436 × 10−9 | −0.6921 | 0.0959 × 10−3 | |
57# | 14 | 296.26 | 232.05 | 7.81 × 105 | 4.5504 × 10−8 | −0.6889 | 0.5352 × 10−3 |
28 | 305.78 | 169.84 | 7.56 × 105 | 4.2272 × 10−8 | −0.8030 | 0.4972 × 10−3 | |
45 | 202.00 | 186.62 | 6.02 × 105 | 1.2525 × 10−7 | −0.4773 | 1.4732 × 10−3 |
Time/ (Day) | NaCl Content/ (%) | Rs/ (Ω·cm2) | Ccp/ (F·cm−2) | Rcp/ (Ω·cm2) | Cs/ (F·cm−2) | Rct/ (Ω·cm2) | W1-R | W1-T | W1-P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 d | 0.0% | 203.8 | 8.45 × 10−10 | 2733 | 9.23 × 10−8 | 1225 | 1.66 × 106 | 191.9 | 0.6185 |
0.3% | 249.1 | 1.10 × 10−9 | 1118 | 2.57 × 10−7 | 586.6 | 3.68 × 105 | 15.84 | 0.6923 | |
1.0% | 148.6 | 3.59 × 10−6 | 54.56 | 5.58 × 10−6 | 478.5 | 3.38 × 105 | 16.54 | 0.7302 | |
28 d | 0.0% | 395.6 | 1.16 × 10−9 | 2035 | 1.28 × 10−7 | 1558 | 1.69 × 106 | 145.0 | 0.6878 |
0.3% | 291.2 | 1.31 × 10−9 | 992.0 | 2.44 × 10−7 | 568.4 | 1.96 × 105 | 6.941 | 0.7036 | |
1.0% | 271.2 | 2.86 × 10−9 | 615.4 | 4.61 × 10−6 | 386.8 | 2.09 × 104 | 1.303 | 0.4609 | |
45 d | 0.0% | 314.2 | 1.06 × 10−9 | 2209 | 1.26 × 10−7 | 1187 | 5.48 × 105 | 33.74 | 0.6918 |
0.3% | 252.5 | 1.20 × 10−9 | 1021 | 2.60 × 10−7 | 163.0 | 2.60 × 105 | 11.42 | 0.7139 | |
1.0% | 224.2 | 1.08 × 10−9 | 990.3 | 1.91 × 10−6 | 114.0 | 1.35 × 105 | 8.428 | 0.7065 |
High Position | Time/ (Day) | Rs/ (Ω·cm2) | Ccp/ (F·cm−2) | Rcp/ (Ω·cm2) | Cs/ (F·cm−2) | Rct/ (Ω·cm2) | W1-R | W1-T | W1-P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12# | 14 d | 249.1 | 1.10 × 10−9 | 1118 | 2.57 × 10−7 | 586.6 | 3.68 × 106 | 15.84 | 0.6923 |
28 d | 291.2 | 1.30 × 10−9 | 992.0 | 2.44 × 10−7 | 568.4 | 1.96 × 106 | 6.941 | 0.7036 | |
45 d | 252.5 | 1.20 × 10−9 | 1021 | 2.60 × 10−7 | 163.0 | 2.60 × 106 | 11.42 | 0.7139 | |
27# | 14 d | 175.6 | 1.19 × 10−6 | 29.77 | 1.81 × 10−7 | 493.9 | 2.95 × 106 | 19.39 | 0.6933 |
28 d | 169.2 | 4.30 × 10−6 | 30.14 | 2.58 × 10−6 | 473.8 | 1.99 × 106 | 4.939 | 0.7162 | |
45 d | 161.7 | 3.52 × 10−6 | 71.96 | 4.07 × 10−6 | 661.1 | 4.27 × 106 | 10.58 | 0.6986 | |
42# | 14 d | 414.5 | 4.22 × 10−9 | 2804 | 7.45 × 10−10 | 846.6 | 2.81 × 107 | 0.303 | 0.2811 |
28 d | 618.6 | 1.21 × 10−9 | 6170 | 2.85 × 10−9 | 598.3 | 3.79 × 107 | 98.42 | 0.3096 | |
45 d | 388.0 | 8.92 × 10−9 | 4455 | 1.27 × 10−8 | 631.2 | 1.32 × 107 | 7.561 | 0.5210 | |
57# | 14 d | 232.2 | 3.39 × 10−6 | 106.8 | 1.77 × 10−7 | 514.9 | 1.47 × 106 | 4.994 | 0.7032 |
28 d | 214.0 | 4.07 × 10−6 | 96.72 | 2.71 × 10−7 | 695.1 | 3.90 × 106 | 14.47 | 0.7535 | |
45 d | 224.4 | 4.12 × 10−6 | 64.16 | 6.03 × 10−6 | 1070 | 8.84 × 105 | 8.541 | 0.6606 |
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Wei, J.; He, B.; Feng, Y.; Hou, L.; Han, P.; Bai, X. Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of X70 Steel under the Action of Capillary Water in Saline Soils. Materials 2022, 15, 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103426
Wei J, He B, Feng Y, Hou L, Han P, Bai X. Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of X70 Steel under the Action of Capillary Water in Saline Soils. Materials. 2022; 15(10):3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103426
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Jianjian, Bin He, Yongxiang Feng, Lifeng Hou, Pengju Han, and Xiaohong Bai. 2022. "Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of X70 Steel under the Action of Capillary Water in Saline Soils" Materials 15, no. 10: 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103426