Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Granite Bearing Radioactive Minerals and Valuable Metals, Monqul Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geologic Setting
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. GS-256 Spectrometer
3.2. Heavy Minerals
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Mineralogical Features of Heavy Minerals
4.1.1. Radioactive-Bearing Minerals
4.1.2. Other Accessory Minerals
Copper Mineralization
4.2. Radiological Implications
4.2.1. 238U, 232Th, and 40K
4.2.2. Hazards and Cancer Assessment
4.3. Statistical Analysis
4.3.1. Pearson Correlation Analysis (PC)
4.3.2. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
4.3.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Symbol | Definition | Formula |
---|---|---|---|
Radium equivalent activity | Raeq | Radium equivalent activity is a weighted sum of the 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activities according to the hypothesis that 370 Bq kg−1 of 226Ra, 259 Bq/kg of 232Th, and 4810 Bq/kg of 40K attain the same dose rates of gamma rays. | Raeq (Bq kg−1) = ARa + 1.43 ATh + 0.077 AK |
Absorbed dose rate | D (nGy/h) | The absorbed dose rate is the radioactive factor that is applied to detect the effect of gamma radiation at 1 m from the radiation source in the air due to the concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K. | Dair (nGy h−1) = 0.430 AU + 0.666 ATh + 0.042 AK |
Outdoor annual effective dose | AEDout | The annual effective dose is a radioactive factor utilized to detect the exposure level of radiation during a stationary duration (1 year). | AEDout (mSv/y) = Dair (nGy/h) × 0.2 × 8760 (h/y) × 0.7 (Sv/Gy) × 10−6 (mSv/nGy) |
Indoor annual effective dose | AEDin | AEDin (mSv/y) = Dair (nGy/h) × 0.8 × 8760 (h/y) × 0.7 (Sv/Gy) × 10−6 (mSv/nGy) | |
Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk | ELCR | Excess lifetime cancer risk is the radioactive factor applied to detect fatal cancer resulting from gamma radiation exposure at a set duration time (DL = 70 years for public) and risk factor (RF = 0.05 Sv−1). | ELCR = AEDout × DL × RF |
Effective dose to various body organs | Do | The computation of Do values is dependent on the scenario of exposure (outdoor—AEDout—and indoor—AEDin). The differentiation of effective doses among organs is governed by the dose conversion factor (F). The F values are estimated by the ICRP for each organ (F: 0.46—liver, 0.58—ovaries, 0.62—kidneys, 0.64—lungs, 0.69—bone marrow, 0.82—testes, and 0.68—whole body). | Do (mSvy−1) = AED × F |
Spot No. | Zr1 | Zr2 | Zr3 | Zr4 | Zr5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | 29.81 | 21.85 | 21.80 | 23.43 | 25.55 |
Al | n.d. | 3.74 | 4.15 | 1.60 | 0.78 |
Fe | 0.76 | 4.96 | 3.49 | 0.69 | 0.64 |
Mg | n.d. | 2.16 | 2.96 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Ca | n.d. | 0.40 | n.d. | 0.25 | n.d. |
K | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.55 | n.d. |
Hf | 1.90 | 1.29 | 2.74 | 3.19 | 2.59 |
Zr | 67.53 | 64.45 | 64.41 | 67.36 | 68.75 |
U | n.d. | n.d. | 0.46 | 0.60 | n.d. |
Ni | n.d. | 1.15 | n.d. | 2.29 | 1.63 |
Total | 100 |
Analyzed Samples | Identified Minerals | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tenorite | Quartz | ||||
(ASTM) Card No. | |||||
(5-0661) | (5-0490) | ||||
dÅ | I/I0 | dÅ | I/I0 | dÅ | I/I0 |
4.29 | 18 | 4.26 | 35 | ||
3.38 | 100 | 3.343 | 100 | ||
2.76 | 10 | 2.751 | 12 | ||
2.53 | 97 | 2.523 | 100 | ||
2.45 | 9 | 2.458 | 12 | ||
2.33 | 93 | 2.323 | 96 | ||
2.16 | 4 | 2.128 | 9 | ||
1.87 | 21 | 1.866 | 25 | ||
1.83 | 11 | 1.817 | 17 | ||
1.59 | 7 | 1.581 | 14 | ||
1.55 | 3 | 1.541 | 15 | ||
1.51 | 14 | 1.505 | 20 |
N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | CV, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U-238 | 231 | 103 | 91 | 19 | 564 | 3.22 | 11.20 | 88 |
Th-232 | 231 | 78 | 19 | 50 | 174 | 1.35 | 3.20 | 24 |
K-40 | 231 | 1484 | 334 | 657 | 3098 | 1.15 | 2.67 | 22 |
DF | Statistic | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
U-238 | 231 | 0.26 | 6 × 10−14 |
Th-232 | 231 | 0.08 | 0.10 |
K-40 | 231 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
Country | 238U | 232Th | 40K | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spain | 84 | 42 | 1138 | [68] |
Iran | 77.4 | 44.5 | 1017.2 | [69] |
India | 25.88 | 42.82 | 560.6 | [70] |
Jordan | 41.52 | 58.42 | 897 | [71] |
Palestine | 71 | 82 | 780 | [72] |
Egypt | 137 | 82 | 1082 | [73] |
Greece | 74 | 85 | 881 | [74] |
Turkey | 80 | 101 | 974 | [75] |
Saudi Arabia | 28.82 | 34.83 | 665.08 | [76] |
Egypt | 103 | 78 | 1484 | Present study |
Raeq | Dair | AEDout | AEDin | ELCRout × 10−6 | ELCRin × 10−6 | ELCRt × 10−6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 330 ± 120 | 156 ± 56 | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.77 ± 0.28 | 0.67 ± 0.24 | 2.98 ± 0.96 | 3.35 ± 1.21 |
Range | 177–971 | 84–452 | 0.10–0.55 | 0.41–2.22 | 0.36–1.94 | 1.43–7.75 | 1.79–9.69 |
U-238 | Th-232 | K-40 | Raeq | Dair | AEDout | AEDin | ELCR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U-238 | 1 | |||||||
Th-232 | 0.34 | 1 | ||||||
K-40 | 0.54 | 0.37 | 1 | |||||
Raeq | 0.95 | 0.56 | 0.71 | 1 | ||||
Dair | 0.95 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 1 | |||
AEDout | 0.95 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1 | ||
AEDin | 0.95 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1 | |
ELCR | 0.95 | 0.55 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1 |
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Abdel Gawad, A.E.; Ali, K.G.; Wahed, A.A.A.; Alsafi, K.; Khafaji, M.; Albahiti, S.; Khalil, M.; Masoud, M.S.; Hanfi, M.Y. Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Granite Bearing Radioactive Minerals and Valuable Metals, Monqul Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Materials 2022, 15, 4307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124307
Abdel Gawad AE, Ali KG, Wahed AAA, Alsafi K, Khafaji M, Albahiti S, Khalil M, Masoud MS, Hanfi MY. Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Granite Bearing Radioactive Minerals and Valuable Metals, Monqul Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Materials. 2022; 15(12):4307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124307
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdel Gawad, Ahmed E., Khaled G. Ali, Adel A. Abdel Wahed, Khalid Alsafi, Mawya Khafaji, Sarah Albahiti, Magdy Khalil, Masoud S. Masoud, and Mohamed Y. Hanfi. 2022. "Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Granite Bearing Radioactive Minerals and Valuable Metals, Monqul Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt" Materials 15, no. 12: 4307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124307