Water Absorption Behavior of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) as Fillers in Acrylic Thermoplastic Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Composites
2.3. Material Characterization
2.4. Absorption Assays
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Material Characterization
3.1.1. Reinforcement Characterization
3.1.2. Composite Characterization
3.2. Absorption Assays
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | OPEFB | OPKS |
---|---|---|
Shape | ||
Fibers | Particles | |
Lignin (%) | 19.12 ± 0.42 | 48.94 ± 0.51 |
Cellulose (%) | 49.63 ± 0.64 | 24.96 ± 0.60 |
Hemicellulose (%) | 21.32 ± 0.50 | 23.12 ± 0.20 |
Extractives (%) | 1.46 ± 0.09 | 2.97 ± 0.11 |
* Moisture (%) | 7.60 ± 0.47 | 8.80 ± 0.75 |
Ashes (%) | 6.23 ± 0.19 | 8.69 ± 0.01 |
Filler | Particle Size (µm) | Processing Temperature (°C) | Constants for Fick Model | Transport Coefficient | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swelling Exponent (n) | Characteristic Constant (k) | R2 | χ2 × 10−3 | D × 10−9 (m2/min) | S (g/g) | P × 10−9 (m2/min) | |||
OPEFB | 425–600 | 80 | 0.270 | 0.151 | 0.963 | 6.00 | 15.332 | 0.454 | 6.959 |
100 | 0.285 | 0.136 | 0.976 | 4.06 | 11.692 | 0.447 | 5.231 | ||
120 | 0.290 | 0.127 | 0.980 | 3.11 | 10.175 | 0.448 | 4.555 | ||
600–850 | 80 | 0.249 | 0.175 | 0.961 | 6.64 | 8.583 | 0.371 | 3.182 | |
100 | 0.254 | 0.169 | 0.961 | 6.66 | 7.638 | 0.356 | 2.719 | ||
120 | 0.246 | 0.179 | 0.957 | 7.41 | 7.532 | 0.348 | 2.622 | ||
OPKS | 425–600 | 80 | 0.394 | 0.060 | 0.975 | 4.52 | 7.196 | 0.433 | 3.113 |
100 | 0.410 | 0.053 | 0.981 | 3.34 | 6.852 | 0.418 | 2.868 | ||
120 | 0.465 | 0.034 | 0.995 | 0.77 | 5.544 | 0.401 | 2.226 | ||
600–850 | 80 | 0.424 | 0.047 | 0.998 | 0.24 | 6.106 | 0.347 | 2.120 | |
100 | 0.420 | 0.046 | 0.999 | 0.18 | 5.041 | 0.325 | 1.639 | ||
120 | 0.440 | 0.040 | 0.998 | 0.27 | 5.138 | 0.300 | 1.541 |
Filler | Particle Size (µm) | Processing Temperature (°C) | Thickness Swelling (%) |
---|---|---|---|
OPEFB | 425–600 | 80 | 15.93 ± 2.19 |
100 | 22.66 ± 3.04 | ||
120 | 17.14 ± 2.25 | ||
600–850 | 80 | 29.08 ± 1.37 | |
100 | 22.10 ± 2.01 | ||
120 | 19.73 ± 1.00 | ||
OPKS | 425–600 | 80 | 54.08 ± 6.25 |
100 | 37.68 ± 2.64 | ||
120 | 31.87 ± 1.25 | ||
600–850 | 80 | 81.39 ± 4.97 | |
100 | 58.19 ± 6.11 | ||
120 | 39.29 ± 2.73 |
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Almeida-Naranjo, C.E.; Valle, V.; Aguilar, A.; Cadena, F.; Kreiker, J.; Raggiotti, B. Water Absorption Behavior of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) as Fillers in Acrylic Thermoplastic Composites. Materials 2022, 15, 5015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145015
Almeida-Naranjo CE, Valle V, Aguilar A, Cadena F, Kreiker J, Raggiotti B. Water Absorption Behavior of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) as Fillers in Acrylic Thermoplastic Composites. Materials. 2022; 15(14):5015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145015
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmeida-Naranjo, Cristina E., Vladimir Valle, Alex Aguilar, Francisco Cadena, Jeronimo Kreiker, and Belén Raggiotti. 2022. "Water Absorption Behavior of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) as Fillers in Acrylic Thermoplastic Composites" Materials 15, no. 14: 5015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145015