Recycled Aggregate: A Viable Solution for Sustainable Concrete Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Application of C&DW in Construction Materials
2.1. Application in Concrete
2.2. Application in Other Construction Materials
3. Environmental Benefits of Using RA from C&DW
4. Challenges and Outlook
- (i)
- Reducing the content of old mortar in RA: Saravanakumar et al. [54] pre-treated RA with sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids, achieving better mechanical performance in concrete than untreated RA. Thermal treatment was also used for this purpose [55], but high energy intake may be required to reach the desired decomposition temperatures (around 800 °C).
- (ii)
- Surface-treating RA before its application in concrete: He et al. [56] found that the density, water absorption, and crushing index of RA were improved with previous treatment using pozzolan slurry combined with sodium silicate and silicon-based additives, improving its performance in concrete. Li et al. [57] pre-treated RA with nanosilica suspension (spraying and soaking), observing that the micro-hardness of both the old mortar and the new mortar near the ITZ was enhanced after treatment, improving the compressive strength, water absorption, and chloride penetration resistance of RA-containing concrete. Zhang et al. [58,59] observed that pre-treating RA with a sulfoaluminate cement slurry led to a denser RA surface (with higher micro-hardness), leading to improved mechanical strength and durability.
- (iii)
- Compensating concrete performance loss using fibers: Zong et al. [60] observed that 1.2% steel fiber incorporation evened or increased the 28-day flexural strength of concretes containing 50–100% RA compared to 100% NA concrete without fibers. Similarly, Paluri et al. [61] observed 28-day compressive and flexural strength reductions of up to 23 and 18%, respectively, when NA was replaced with 50–100% RA. However, when adding 1% steel fiber, the 50% RA concrete had comparable (5% lower) compressive strength and 31% higher flexural strength than 100% NA concrete. It is worth mentioning that synthetic fibers can be advantageous from a technological point of view; however, in countries with an abundance of natural fibers like Brazil and India, these can be a better solution for the destination of agro-industrial waste [62].
5. RA from Other Wastes
5.1. Glass Waste as RA
5.2. Slag Waste as RA
5.3. Ceramic Waste as RA
5.4. PET Waste as RA
5.5. Other Waste as RA
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Construction Materials | Reference | Aggregate Type | Max % Used | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asphalt pavement | [32] | Coarse | 100 | Hu et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [33] | Coarse | 100 | Hu et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [34] | Coarse | 100 | Kar et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [35] | Coarse | 50 | Yang et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [36] | Coarse and Fine | 50 | Xu et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [37] | Coarse | 100 | Bittencourt et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [38] | Fine | 100 | Adesina and Das |
Asphalt pavement | [39] | Coarse | 100 | Guo et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [40] | Fine and Coarse | 100 | Slabonsi et al. |
Asphalt pavement | [41] | Coarse | 100 | Zhu et al. |
Pavement subbase | [42] | Coarse | 100 | Tefa et al. |
Pavement subbase | [43] | Coarse | 100 | Corradini et al. |
Geopolymer | [44] | Coarse | 30 | Haoi-Bao et al. |
Geopolymer | [45] | Fine | 60 | Saba and Assaad |
Geopolymer | [46] | Fine | 100 | Rahman et al. |
Geopolymer | [47] | Coarse | 100 | Xiet et al. |
Geopolymer | [48] | Coarse | 100 | Was et al. |
Geopolymer | [49] | Coarse | 100 | Pawluczuk et al. |
Waste | Reference | Aggregate Type | Max % Used | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | [67] | Fine and Coarse | 100 | Xiao et al. |
Glass | [68] | Coarse | 100 | Sharma et al. |
Glass | [69] | Coarse | 100 | Duan et al. |
Glass | [70] | Fine | 30 | Zhan et al. |
Glass | [71] | Fine | 100 | Wang et al. |
Glass | [72] | Fine | 25 | Alducin-Ochoa et al. |
Slag | [73] | Coarse | 75 | Goli |
Slag | [74] | Coarse | 60 | Chandru and Karthikeyan |
Slag | [75] | Fine | 100 | Luo et al. |
Slag | [76] | Fine | 54 | Petrounias et al. |
Ceramic | [77] | Filler | 30 | Liu et al. |
Ceramic | [78] | Coarse and Fine | 30 | Yang et al. |
Ceramic | [79] | Coarse and Fine | 100 | Aldemir et al. |
PET | [8] | Fine | 30 | Campanhão et al. |
PET | [80] | Fine | 30 | Silva et al. |
PET | [81] | Fine | 5 | Perera et al. |
PET | [82] | Fine | 2.5 | Alfahdawi et al. |
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Marvila, M.; de Matos, P.; Rodríguez, E.; Monteiro, S.N.; de Azevedo, A.R.G. Recycled Aggregate: A Viable Solution for Sustainable Concrete Production. Materials 2022, 15, 5276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155276
Marvila M, de Matos P, Rodríguez E, Monteiro SN, de Azevedo ARG. Recycled Aggregate: A Viable Solution for Sustainable Concrete Production. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155276
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarvila, Markssuel, Paulo de Matos, Erich Rodríguez, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Afonso R. G. de Azevedo. 2022. "Recycled Aggregate: A Viable Solution for Sustainable Concrete Production" Materials 15, no. 15: 5276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155276