Eco-Friendly Alternative Disposal through the Pyrolysis Process of Meat and Bone Meal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. MBM Preparation
2.2. Catalysts Preparation
2.3. Characterization Methods
2.4. Pyrolysis Process
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. MBM Toxicity
3.2. SBA-16 Support and Catalysts’ Characterization
3.3. SBA-3 Support and Catalysts Characterization
3.4. MBMPYOIL Characteristics
3.5. MBMPYGAS Characteristics
3.6. MBMPYCHAR and Selective Adsorbent Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | C (wt.%) | H (wt.%) | O (wt.%) | Metal (wt.%) | Si (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBA-16 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 46.26 | - | 53.04 |
Ni-SBA-16 | 0.76 | 1.42 | 54.39 | 1.54 (EDX)/1.57 (SAA) | 41.86 |
Fe-SBA-16 | 0.13 | 1.21 | 58.09 | 1.03 (EDX)/0.95 (SAA) | 39.62 |
Sample | C (wt.%) | H (wt.%) | O (wt.%) | Metal (wt.%) | Si (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBA-3 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 50.25 | - | 48.71 |
Ni-SBA-3 | 1.65 | 1.42 | 54.16 | 2.50 (EDX)/2.55 (SAA) | 40.22 |
Fe-SBA-3 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 51.59 | 0.98 (EDX)/1.00 (SAA) | 45.75 |
Metals | Fuel Type | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBMPYOIL * | PPOPP [57] | PPOHDPE [57] | PPOLDPE [57] | PPOPS [57] | Diesel [54] | Kerosene [54] | Gasoline [55] | |
Cd | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 15.00 | 13.30 | 16.80 |
Pb | 1.55 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 10.10 | 4.10 | 2.40 |
Cr | 0.81 | 1.97 | 2.49 | 3.11 | 10.03 | 8.60 | 3.30 | 5.40 |
Mn | 0.07 | 0.29 | 8.11 | 0.01 | 0.37 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Co | 0.02 | 0.21 | 1.39 | 0.07 | 0.16 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Ni | 1.29 | 0.56 | 3.83 | 4.56 | 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Cu | <0.01 | 0.06 | 2.31 | 1.75 | 0.27 | 17.70 | 19.80 | 17.40 |
As | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.30 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Se | <0.01 | 1.61 | 1.72 | 2.40 | 2.12 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Hg | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.77 |
Rb | <0.01 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.22 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Sr | <0.01 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.15 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Parameters | UP | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBMPYGAS | ||||||||
HHV (MJ/m3) | 69.09 | 47.06 | 41.89 | 52.38 | 47.34 | 44.51 | 44.22 | |
LHV (MJ/m3) | 63.38 | 43.15 | 38.42 | 48.02 | 43.40 | 40.75 | 40.49 | |
Density (kg/m3) | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.80 | 1.75 | 1.65 | 1.67 | 1.66 | |
Wobbe number (MJ/m3) | 58.72 | 40.34 | 35.46 | 45.06 | 41.96 | 39.15 | 39.03 |
MBMPYCHAR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Investigation | MBM | MBMPYCHAR (UP’s) | MBMPYCHAR (Oxidized) | MBMPYCHAR (Oxidized; KOH; HCl) | MBMPYCHAR (Oxidized; KOH; HCl; Calcinated) |
Elemental analysis by GC/TCD (wt.%) | |||||
C | 20.31 | 10.35 | 6.85 | 20.85 | 24.88 |
N | 4.14 | 1.74 | 1.32 | 3.46 | 3.51 |
H | 3.28 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 3.49 | 1.87 |
S | 0.52 | 0.76 | 0.81 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Gravimetric analysis (wt.%) | |||||
A | 56.14 | - | - | - | - |
V | 39.52 | - | - | - | - |
Energy assessment by calorimetry (MJ/kg) | |||||
HHV | 14.93 | 7.24 | 4.81 | - | - |
Metal content by atomic absorption/AAS (mg/kg−1) | |||||
Pb | <17.00 | <17.00 | <17.00 | <17.00 | <17.00 |
Cu | 15.33 | 31.32 | 16.52 | 70.66 | 96.32 |
P | 161,801 | 172,830 | 37,612 | 1462 | 7837 |
Fe | 74.08 | 163.99 | 101.01 | 398.25 | 479.94 |
Ni | <12.00 | <12.00 | <12.00 | <12.00 | <12.00 |
Mn | 6.89 | 8.04 | 8.00 | 7.31 | 7.84 |
Zn | 431.01 | 543.73 | 536.65 | 407.31 | 5.00 |
Ca | 369,595 | 484,405 | 582,907 | 590 | 3186 |
Mg | 3114 | 4900 | 4104 | 186 | 111 |
Na | 8675 | 12,757 | 11,956 | 6813 | 4208 |
Investigation | Material | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBM | MBMPYCHAR (UP’s) | MBMPYCHAR (Oxidized) | MBMPYCHAR (Oxidized; KOH; HCl) | MBMPYCHAR-Based Selective Adsorbent | |
SBET (m2/g) | 1.021 | 117.113 | 0.748 | 2.441 | 125.647 |
V (cm3/g) | 0.002 | 0.247 | 0.005 | 0.021 | 0.281 |
Dv(r) (Å) | 15.645 | 18.560 | 18.512 | 15.647 | 18.542 |
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Zaharioiu, A.M.; Şandru, C.; Ionete, E.I.; Marin, F.; Ionete, R.E.; Soare, A.; Constantinescu, M.; Bucura, F.; Niculescu, V.-C. Eco-Friendly Alternative Disposal through the Pyrolysis Process of Meat and Bone Meal. Materials 2022, 15, 6593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196593
Zaharioiu AM, Şandru C, Ionete EI, Marin F, Ionete RE, Soare A, Constantinescu M, Bucura F, Niculescu V-C. Eco-Friendly Alternative Disposal through the Pyrolysis Process of Meat and Bone Meal. Materials. 2022; 15(19):6593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196593
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaharioiu, Anca Maria, Claudia Şandru, Eusebiu Ilarian Ionete, Florian Marin, Roxana Elena Ionete, Amalia Soare, Marius Constantinescu, Felicia Bucura, and Violeta-Carolina Niculescu. 2022. "Eco-Friendly Alternative Disposal through the Pyrolysis Process of Meat and Bone Meal" Materials 15, no. 19: 6593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196593