Enhancement in the Structural, Electrical, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of La2O3-Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Growth
2.2. Instruments
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Structural Studies
3.1.1. XRD Studies
3.1.2. SEM Analysis
3.2. Optical Studies
3.2.1. FT-IR Spectroscopy
3.2.2. Diffused Reflectance Analysis
3.2.3. Dielectric and AC Electrical Conductivity Studies
3.3. Electrical Properties
3.4. Photocatalytic Performance
3.5. Scavenger Investigation and Photocatalytic Mechanism
2e− + O2 → ●O2−,
3.6. Comparison of Photocatalytic Efficiency with Previous Work
3.7. Recycling and Reusability Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Codes | La2O3/ZnO Molar Fraction |
---|---|---|
Pure ZnO | So | ------- |
0.001 g La2O3-ZnO | S1 | 0.00008 |
0.01 g La2O3-ZnO | S2 | 0.0008 |
0.1 g La2O3-ZnO | S3 | 0.008 |
0.5 g La2O3-ZnO | S4 | 0.041 |
1 g La2O3-ZnO | S5 | 0.080 |
2.5 g La2O3-ZnO | S6 | 0.179 |
5 g La2O3-ZnO | S7 | 0.304 |
Samples | Phases | Mean Value of the Crystallite Size from XRD Analysis | Mean Values of the Grain Size from SEM Analysis, (nm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crystallite Size (nm) | Dislocation Density, (nm)2 | Lattice Strain | |||
So | Phase 1: ZnO | 48.5162 | 0.00064 | 0.00083 | 108.86 |
Phase 2: Carbon | 20.1144 | 0.00361 | 0.00197 | ||
S1 | Phase 1: ZnO | 46.5409 | 0.00066 | 0.00085 | 95.69 |
Phase 2: Carbon | 23.6019 | 0.00193 | 0.00151 | ||
S2 | phase 1: ZnO | 30.0091 | 0.00155 | 0.00131 | 106 |
Phase 2: La2O3 | 9.0647 | 0.01217 | 0.003824 | ||
S3 | Phase 1: ZnO | 32.5562 | 0.00185 | 0.00139 | 91.87 |
phase 2: La2O3 | 8.5231 | 0.01377 | 0.00407 | ||
S4 | Phase 1: ZnO | 19.6393 | 0.00377 | 0.00204 | 88.64 |
Phase 2: La2O3 | 18.1128 | 0.00305 | 0.00191 | ||
S5 | Phase 1: ZnO | 22.0992 | 0.00239 | 0.00154 | 81.2 |
Phase 2: La2O3 | 18.5326 | 0.00329 | 0.00195 | ||
S6 | Phase 1: ZnO | 30.7257 | 0.00228 | 0.00141 | 114 |
Phase 2: La2O3 | 30.6801 | 0.00183 | 0.00138 | ||
Phase 3: La2Zn | 31.8144 | 0.00181 | 0.00135 | ||
S7 | Phase 1: ZnO | 25.9268 | 0.00219 | 0.00152 | 138.82 |
Phase 2: La2O3 | 30.1924 | 0.00171 | 0.00135 | ||
Phase 3: La2Zn | 26.6642 | 0.002017 | 0.001457 |
Samples | Eg1(d), eV | Eg1(ind), eV |
---|---|---|
So | 3.32 | 3.28 |
S1 | 3.24 | 3.11 |
S2 | 3.27 | 3.19 |
S3 | 3.30 | 3.18 |
S4 | 3.31 | 3.20 |
S5 | 3.26 | 3.15 |
S6 | 3.25 | 3.16 |
S7 | 3.28 | 3.17 |
Samples | Methylene Blue | Rhodamine B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
K, (min−1) | Adj. R-Square | K, (min−1) | Adj. R-Square | |
So | 0.0139 | 0.9943 | 0.0216 | 0.9870 |
S1 | 0.0174 | 0.9814 | 0.0239 | 0.9814 |
S2 | 0.0415 | 0.9928 | 0.0287 | 0.9928 |
S3 | 0.0512 | 0.9895 | 0.0437 | 0.9726 |
S4 | 0.1303 | 0.9593 | 0.1102 | 0.9249 |
S5 | 0.0680 | 0.9409 | 0.0607 | 0.9453 |
S6 | 0.05909 | 0.9726 | 0.0424 | 0.9726 |
S7 | 0.0414 | 0.9894 | 0.0401 | 0.9875 |
Photocatalyst | Doping % | Preparation Method | Organic Solution | Catalyst Load (g/L) | Irradiation Time | Source | % Degradation | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
La-doped ZnO | 0.8% | Co-precipitation | Monocrotophos | 0.1 | 180 min | UV-light | 0.0827 min−1 97.3% | [62] |
La-doped ZnO | 0.8% | Co-precipitation | 2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 0.1 | 180 min | UV-light | 0.032 min−1 100% | [63] |
La-doped ZnO | 2% | Co-precipitation | RhB | 0.1 | 200 min | UV-light | ----- | [64] |
La-doped ZnO | 1% | Co-precipitation | MB | 0.15 | 180 min | fluorescent lamp | 0.0208 | [61] |
La-doped ZnO | 0.5% | Co-precipitation | Metasystox | 0.1 | 150 min | UV-light | 90% | [65] |
La-doped ZnO | 3% | Gel-combustion | Paracetamol | 0.1 | 180 min | Xe lamp | 80% | [66] |
La-doped ZnO | 3% | microwave assisted sol–gel | MB | 0.09 | 60 min | UV-light | 95% | [67] |
La-doped ZnO | 1% | Co-precipitation | Paracetamol | 0.1 | 180 min | Visible light | 99% | [68] |
La-doped ZnO | ---- | Co-precipitation | MB | 0.01 | 100 min | Visible light | ---- | [69] |
La-doped ZnO | 1% | Co-precipitation | Congo-Red | 0.1 | 240 min | UV-light | 97.63% | [70] |
La-doped ZnO | ---- | Gel combustion | MO | 0.05 | 150 min | Visible light | 85.86% | [70] |
La-doped ZnO | 0.5% | combustion | MB | 0.01 | 80 min | Visible light | 100% | Present work |
La-doped ZnO | 0.5% | combustion | RhB | 0.01 | 80 min | Visible light | 100% | Present work |
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Ganesh, V.; AlAbdulaal, T.H.; AlShadidi, M.; S. A. Hussien, M.; Bouzidi, A.; Algarni, H.; Zahran, H.Y.; Abdel-wahab, M.S.; Mohammed, M.I.; Yahia, I.S.; et al. Enhancement in the Structural, Electrical, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of La2O3-Doped ZnO Nanostructures. Materials 2022, 15, 6866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196866
Ganesh V, AlAbdulaal TH, AlShadidi M, S. A. Hussien M, Bouzidi A, Algarni H, Zahran HY, Abdel-wahab MS, Mohammed MI, Yahia IS, et al. Enhancement in the Structural, Electrical, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of La2O3-Doped ZnO Nanostructures. Materials. 2022; 15(19):6866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196866
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanesh, Vanga, Thekrayat H. AlAbdulaal, Manal AlShadidi, Mai S. A. Hussien, Abdelfatteh Bouzidi, Hamed Algarni, Heba Y. Zahran, Mohamed Sh. Abdel-wahab, Mervat I. Mohammed, Ibrahim S. Yahia, and et al. 2022. "Enhancement in the Structural, Electrical, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of La2O3-Doped ZnO Nanostructures" Materials 15, no. 19: 6866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196866