A Long-Term Study on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rubber from End-of-Life Tires of Passenger Cars and Trucks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterization of the Sample Material
2.2. Sampling Procedure
2.2.1. Truck Tires, Whole (TW)
2.2.2. Truck Tires, Tread (TT)
2.2.3. Passenger Car Tires, Whole (PW)
2.2.4. Measurement Frequency
2.3. Extraction and Quantification of PAH
2.3.1. Analytical Method
2.3.2. Chemicals and Materials
2.3.3. Extraction of PAH from ELT Materials
2.3.4. Sample Preparation of the Extract
2.3.5. Instrumental PAH analysis
3. Results
3.1. Notes on the Presentation of Results
- Each measured value of a discrete PAH species and the sum values in the three lower columns are to be considered separately. The sum values were calculated separately for each individual measurement and then the statistical characteristic values were derived from these discrete individual sums. In this respect, the sums of the discrete PAH will not necessarily correspond to the respective sum values in the lower three lines.
- The margin of error e corresponds to half the width of the two-sided confidence interval of the mean value at the confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05).
- The maximum value represents, for each individual PAH or for the respective sums, the highest value measured in an individual measurement over the entire measurement series.
- On the basis of the p-value it was examined whether a normal distribution of the measured values [wx,y~ N(µ, σ2)] could be excluded. The Anderson–Darling test used for this purpose compares the measured values with the theoretical distribution of the values in relation to the normal distribution. If the p-value is less than 0.05, the hypothesis that the values correspond to a normal distribution should be rejected (in this case the fields were marked red). In contrast, a p-value greater than 0.05 does not necessarily mean that the data is normal distributed. The Anderson–Darling test can be used for a sample size of n ≥ 8, which is why an evaluation for buffings of truck tread (n = 3) was omitted.
- In addition to testing the results for normal distribution [wx,y~ N(µ, σ2)], the test for log-normal distribution [wx,y~ LN(µ*, σ2*)] was also carried out. For this purpose, the data was transformed by logarithmizing each individual measurement result: w*x,y = ln(wx,y). The corresponding fields were marked red if the p-value is less than 0.05, thus indicating that a log-normal distribution can be rejected.
- The respective higher result for the p-value of wx,y or w*x,y was marked green if they were higher than 0.05.
3.2. Overview of the Measurement Results for all Three Analyzed Tire Materials
3.3. Comparison of the Weekly and Monthly Mixed Samples from Passenger Car Tires
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Truck Tires, Whole (TW) | Truck Tires, Tread (TT) | Passenger Car Tires, Whole (PW) | |
---|---|---|---|
Grain size | 3000–800 µm | 700–0 µm | 2500–400 µm |
Mesh size | 2000–500 µm | <400 µm | 2000–500 µm |
Supplier | MRH | MRH | PVP |
Year | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ∑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Truck tires, whole (TW) | / | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 36 |
Truck tires, tread (TT) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 3* | / | 13/3 |
Car tires, whole (PW) | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 41 |
Week number | 30–31 | 32–35 | 36–38 | * Buffings |
PW: Passenger Car Tires, Whole (n = 41) | TW: Truck Tires, Whole (n = 36) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arithmetic Mean | Margin of Error e | Sample Standard Deviation s | Maximum Value | p-Value wPW, y | p-Value for w*PW, y = ln(w PW, y) | Arithmetic Mean | Margin of Error e | Sample Standard Deviation s | Maximum Value | p-Value wTW, y | p-Value for w*TW, y = ln(w TW, y) | |
Acenaphthene | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.87 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.51 |
Acenaphthylene | 1.15 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 1.35 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 2.34 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 2.82 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
Anthanthrene | 3.92 | 0.22 | 0.69 | 4.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.99 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 4.27 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Anthracene | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.34 |
Benzo[a]anthracene | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.24 |
Benzo[a]pyrene | 1.82 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 2.50 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.72 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 2.04 | 0.81 | 0.66 |
Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 1.44 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene | 0.99 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 1.53 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Benzo[c]phenanthrene | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Benzo[e]pyrene | 2.96 | 0.14 | 0.43 | 3.74 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 2.10 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 2.43 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
Benzo[ghi]fluoranthene | 3.34 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 3.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.23 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 3.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Benzo[ghi]perylene | 12.95 | 0.37 | 1.16 | 14.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.58 | 0.34 | 1.01 | 12.73 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Benzo[j]fluoranthene | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.63 |
Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.37 |
Chrysene | 1.01 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 1.49 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
Coronene | 11.22 | 0.28 | 0.87 | 12.82 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 9.60 | 0.25 | 0.74 | 11.25 | 0.41 | 0.61 |
Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene | 4.59 | 0.20 | 0.62 | 5.52 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 4.16 | 0.22 | 0.64 | 5.22 | 0.56 | 0.40 |
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.59 |
Fluoranthene | 8.26 | 0.22 | 0.70 | 9.94 | 0.54 | 0.70 | 9.18 | 0.21 | 0.63 | 10.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Fluorene | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 2.30 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 2.69 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 1.90 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 2.32 | 0.63 | 0.67 |
Naphthalene | 1.62 | 0.16 | 0.52 | 3.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.36 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 3.64 | 0.05 | 0.29 |
Perylene | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.30 |
Phenanthrene | 4.19 | 0.18 | 0.58 | 6.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.34 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 6.29 | 0.57 | 0.30 |
Pyrene | 30.39 | 0.88 | 2.77 | 34.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 32.88 | 1.11 | 3.28 | 36.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Triphenylene | 1.02 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 1.54 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.46 | 0.77 | 0.43 |
∑ 8 EU PAH | 7.87 | 0.37 | 1.16 | 11.10 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 5.62 | 0.17 | 0.51 | 6.71 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
∑ 16 U.S. EPA PAH | 66.21 | 1.76 | 5.57 | 77.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 69.92 | 1.95 | 5.78 | 77.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
∑ of all 26 PAH | 95.18 | 2.53 | 8.02 | 107.4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 93.22 | 2.61 | 7.70 | 102.1 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
TT: Truck Tire Tread, Cryo Powder (n = 13) | TT: Truck Tread, Buffings (n = 3) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arithmetic Mean | Margin of Error e | Sample Standard Deviation s | Maximum Value | p-Value for w TT, y | p-Value for w* TT, y = ln(w TT, y) | Arithmetic Mean | Margin of error e | Sample standard deviation s | Maximum value | |
Acenaphthene | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
Acenaphthylene | 5.35 | 0.33 | 0.54 | 6.10 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 4.69 | 1.09 | 0.44 | 5.06 |
Anthanthrene | 4.55 | 0.62 | 1.02 | 6.26 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 1.72 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 1.99 |
Anthracene | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.44 |
Benzo[a]anthracene | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.29 |
Benzo[a]pyrene | 2.68 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 3.38 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 1.85 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 2.10 |
Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 0.84 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 1.08 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.63 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.72 |
Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.28 |
Benzo[c]phenanthrene | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.20 |
Benzo[e]pyrene | 2.79 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 3.59 | 0.66 | 0.77 | 2.15 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 2.35 |
Benzo[ghi]fluoranthene | 4.56 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 5.21 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 3.45 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 3.49 |
Benzo[ghi]perylene | 15.12 | 1.29 | 2.14 | 19.27 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 10.67 | 2.12 | 0.86 | 11.61 |
Benzo[j]fluoranthene | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.19 |
Chrysene | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.66 |
Coronene | 12.16 | 0.76 | 1.26 | 14.27 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 8.15 | 1.28 | 0.51 | 8.74 |
Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene | 10.24 | 1.07 | 1.77 | 12.60 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 7.05 | 2.40 | 0.96 | 7.94 |
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Fluoranthene | 14.43 | 0.83 | 1.38 | 15.98 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 11.38 | 1.29 | 0.52 | 11.72 |
Fluorene | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.63 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.26 |
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 3.15 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 4.22 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 1.65 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 1.85 |
Naphthalene | 7.48 | 0.57 | 0.95 | 8.78 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 6.74 | 1.11 | 0.45 | 7.16 |
Perylene | 0.38 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.27 |
Phenanthrene | 8.09 | 0.40 | 0.66 | 9.00 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 6.96 | 0.97 | 0.39 | 7.40 |
Pyrene | 42.52 | 2.65 | 4.38 | 47.82 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 32.23 | 2.17 | 0.87 | 32.74 |
Triphenylene | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
∑ 8 EU PAH | 7.69 | 0.57 | 0.94 | 9.57 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 5.76 | 1.61 | 0.65 | 6.51 |
∑ 16 U.S. EPA PAH | 102.0 | 6.31 | 10.44 | 115.0 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 78.50 | 9.66 | 3.89 | 82.3 |
∑ of all 26 PAH | 137.6 | 8.89 | 14.71 | 157.0 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 102.2 | 14.24 | 5.73 | 108.1 |
Benzo[a]pyrene | ∑ 16 U.S. EPA PAH | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | s 2 | Min/Max 3 | 1 | s 2 | Min/Max 3 | |
Grimmer method 4 | 1.61 | 0.19 | 1.45/1.9 | 55.06 | 3.39 | 51.1/60.2 |
DIN ISO 18287 5 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 0.6/0.8 | 39.16 | 5.17 | 36.2/47.1 |
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Hoyer, S.; Kroll, L.; Lippert, K.; Seidel, A. A Long-Term Study on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rubber from End-of-Life Tires of Passenger Cars and Trucks. Materials 2022, 15, 7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197017
Hoyer S, Kroll L, Lippert K, Seidel A. A Long-Term Study on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rubber from End-of-Life Tires of Passenger Cars and Trucks. Materials. 2022; 15(19):7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197017
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoyer, Stefan, Lothar Kroll, Kirsten Lippert, and Albrecht Seidel. 2022. "A Long-Term Study on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rubber from End-of-Life Tires of Passenger Cars and Trucks" Materials 15, no. 19: 7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197017