Investigation on Application Prospect of Refractories for Hydrogen Metallurgy: The Enlightenment from the Reaction between Commercial Brown Corundum and Hydrogen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermodynamic Calculations
3.2. Weight Loss of Brown Corundum
3.3. Phase Compositions of Brown Corundum after Reduction by Hydrogen
3.4. Microstructure Evaluation of Brown Corundum after Reduction by Hydrogen
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The thermodynamic stability of the oxides under high-purity hydrogen was in the order of Al2O3 > CaO > MgO > SiO2 > TiO2 > Fe2O3 at the temperature lower than 1400 °C, when continuously increasing the temperature, the SiO2 performed worse in stability compared with TiO2 and MgO. The Al2O3 could remain stable even at 1800 °C. Obvious weight loss appeared when raising the temperature to 1400 °C. The reduction in Fe2O3, SiO2 and MgO contributed a lot to the weight loss.
- (2)
- The pressures of Ca (g) and H2O (g) caused by the reaction between CaAl12O19 and H2 (g) was just 1.62 Pa at 1800 °C. The CaO contents in the brown corundum remained stable owing to the formation of hibonite (CaAl12O19).
- (3)
- The corundum (Al2O3) and hibonite (CaAl12O19) performed excellently in stability under the high-purity hydrogen atmosphere, even at 1800 °C, which indicated that high-purity Al2O3 and CaAl12O19 -based refractories were suitable for lining materials in the hydrogen metallurgy field.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | TiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.12 | 92.97 | 0.2 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.094 | 0.038 | 2.13 |
Reactions | 1200 °C | 1400 °C | 1600 °C | 1800 °C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 (s) + H2 (g) = SiO (g) + H2O (g) | PSiO | 2.7 | 41.3 | 345.2 | 1884.3 |
PH2O | 2.7 | 41.3 | 345.2 | 1884.3 | |
MgO (s) + H2 (g) = Mg (g) + H2O (g) | PMg | 2.2 | 23.2 | 146.2 | 639.4 |
PH2O | 2.2 | 23.2 | 146.2 | 639.4 | |
Al2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) = 2Al (g) + 3H2O (g) | PAl | 9.3 × 10−22 | 7.0 × 10−18 | 7.5 × 10−15 | 2.0 × 10−12 |
PH2O | 1.4 × 10−21 | 1.0 × 10−17 | 1.1 × 10−14 | 3.0 × 10−12 | |
CaO (s) + H2 (g) = Ca (g) + H2O (g) | PCa | 0.3 | 2.0 | 11.6 | 60.9 |
PH2O | 0.3 | 2.0 | 11.6 | 60.9 | |
2TiO2 (s) + H2 (g) = Ti2O3 (s) + H2O (g) | PH2O | 77.4 | 201.7 | 394.1 | 625.5 |
Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) = 2Fe + 3H2O (g) | PH2O | 1.5 × 105 | 1.3 × 105 | 9.8 × 104 | 7.3 × 104 |
Reactions | 1200 °C | 1400 °C | 1600 °C | 1800 °C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaAl12O19 (s) + H2 (g) = Ca (g) + H2O (g) + 6Al2O3 | PCa | 3.6 × 10−3 | 4.7 × 10−2 | 0.35 | 1.62 |
PH2O | 3.6 × 10−3 | 4.7 × 10−2 | 0.35 | 1.62 | |
CaO (s) + H2 (g) = Ca (g) + H2O (g) | PCa | 0.3 | 2.0 | 11.6 | 60.9 |
PH2O | 0.3 | 2.0 | 11.6 | 60.9 |
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Li, S.; Chen, D.; Gu, H.; Huang, A.; Fu, L. Investigation on Application Prospect of Refractories for Hydrogen Metallurgy: The Enlightenment from the Reaction between Commercial Brown Corundum and Hydrogen. Materials 2022, 15, 7022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197022
Li S, Chen D, Gu H, Huang A, Fu L. Investigation on Application Prospect of Refractories for Hydrogen Metallurgy: The Enlightenment from the Reaction between Commercial Brown Corundum and Hydrogen. Materials. 2022; 15(19):7022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197022
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shaofei, Ding Chen, Huazhi Gu, Ao Huang, and Lvping Fu. 2022. "Investigation on Application Prospect of Refractories for Hydrogen Metallurgy: The Enlightenment from the Reaction between Commercial Brown Corundum and Hydrogen" Materials 15, no. 19: 7022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197022